Food Hygiene & Sanitation Essay

Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature 43? C c. Only with oxygen at an ideal temperature of 43? C d. Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature of 39? C 7. Which of the following groups of hazards are most likely to cause a foodborne disease outbreak? a. Bacteria and viruses b. Parasites and molds c. Vibrio spp. and Shigella spp. d. Chemical and physical hazards 8. Bacteria grow best within a narrow temperature range called the temperature danger zone. The temperature danger zone is between: a. -18? C and 104? C b. -8? C and 65? C c. 5? C and 60? C d. 5? C and 100? C . Bacteria that cause foodborne illness will only grow on foods that have pH at _____ or above and a water activity (AW) above____. a. 3. 2; 0. 85 b. 4. 6; 0. 85 c. 6. 5; 0. 80 d. 8. 0; 0. 75 10. Which of the following bacteria produce a toxin that is more likely to cause death if consumed? a. Campylobacter jejuni b. Clostridium botulinum c. Shiga-toxin producing Escheria coli d. Listeria monocytogenes 11. Some bac teria form spores to help them: a. Reproduce b. Move easily from one location to another c. Survive adverse environmental conditions d. Grow in high acidic foods 12. Which of the following is a histamine poisoning? a. Ciguatoxin b. Scombrotoxin c. Mycotoxin d. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 13. Which of the following is not considered a potentially hazardous food group? a. Red meats b. Fish and shellfish c. Poultry and eggs d. Dried grains and spices 14. The most effective way to control the growth of bacteria in a food establishment is by controlling: a. Time and temperature b. pH and oxygen conditions c. Temperature and water activity d. Time and food availability 15. Food borne illness can caused by: a. Poor personal hygiene b. Cross contamination c. Temperature abuse d. All the above 16. Regarding food thermometers, which statement is false? a. Be calibrated b. Measure temperatures between 5? C and 57? C c. Measure temperatures between -18? C and 104? C d. Be approved for use in foods 17. Good personal hygiene includes a. Using hand sanitizers instead of washing hand b. Keeping hands and clothes clean and sanitary c. Wearing attractive uniforms d. Cleaning and sanitizing food-contact surfaces 18. Cross contamination is a term used to describe the transfer of a foodborne hazard from 1 food to another: a. By a food worker’s hand b. From a cutting board c. From a knife blade d. All of the above 19. After proper cooking, all foods that are to be held hot must be held at: a. 74? C or above b. 57? C or above c. Room temperature until served d. 49? C or above 20. Food workers should wash their hands after which of the following? a. Taking out the trash b. Touching their faces c. Handling raw food d. All of the above Section B (10 marks) Answer either True/ False. 1. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System is only used to monitor food processing in manufacturing plants. () 2. Certification of food protection managers and workers refers to screening done for health problems. () 3. The term food establishment includes any site where food is processed, prepared, sold or served. () 4. Bacteria and viruses cause most foodborne illness. () 5. One of the potentially hazardous food is cut melons. () 6. There are two types of bacteria that are spore forming and non-spore forming. () 7. Clostridium botulinum cannot cause death. () 8. E. Coli can be found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. () 9. Prevention of cross contamination can be done by keeping raw food and ready-to-eat food together during storage. ) 10. Bacteria take 25 minutes to multiply. () Section C (20 marks) Briefly explain on each answer. 1.

Environmental Policy, Sustainability, and Government Regulations Essay

The impact of environmental and government regulations made United Parcel Service (UPS) an innovative company that developed a strategic environmental management system that adheres to the principles of ISO 14001 standard (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). To ensure compliance with regulations in the various countries and the United States, UPS has region environmental mangers and district environmental coordinators within their operations. The managers have access to training programs that include but not limited to water and air quality, transportation environmental, hazardous waste management and underground storage tanks (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). UPS was a member of the U.S. Environmental Protections Agency’s (EPA) SmartWay program that was discontinue in 2010. UPS joined EPA’s Climate Leaders program that advocated companies developing comprehensives strategies pertaining to ensuring safeguarding the climate, this program ended in September 2011 (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). In 2010, UPS achieve a 6.1 % emissions index reduction that exceeded the EPA Climate Leader goals (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). The company introduced the Eco responsible Packaging Program that uses cube optimization, meaning that packaging is only as large as it needs to be for shipping, the materials for packaging are environmentally friendly. The carbon neutral shipping expanded to 36 other countries (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). This program using carbon offsets reduces the carbon emissions associated with shipping reducing UPS carbon impact. UPS begin facing the possibility of the depletion of scarce resources before most companies. As early as 1935, UPS begin to use alternative-fuel vehicles for transporting to the many various points across our nation. The 1,900 alternative fuel and technological advanced vehicles today are a small part of a long-run plan to protect the resources of the future (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). UPS continues to find alternatives to developing ways in reducing their carbon imprint and preserving our natural resources. Air transportation leaves the bigger carbon imprint using a transportation index UPS continue to pursue strategies in that area for carbon avoidance which focus on a decarbonization synergy strategy to reducing air fleet emissions (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). This involve in the long-term fuel efficiency aircraft and using biofuels. UPS continues to analyze water usage and consumption in their foreign hubs, using the global water tool of the  World Business council for Sustainable Development, maintain a low water use (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). UPS reduce their water consumption by 1 percent from the 2009 level (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). Some of the ways UPS was able to do this was by only washing their vehicle when needed, dry washing their airplanes and use environmental friendly washing agent that reduces the need to ri nse. When UPS facilities expanded low-flow water fixtures was included in the design of the newer facilities in different countries and older facilities upgraded to include the fixtures (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). An example of this is their LEED design headquarters that won gold status certification and an energy star stamp for energy efficiency (French, 2012). Their headquarters built in a forest that use 35 acres and left the rest of the forest surrounding the building including a preserved natural brook (French, 2012). As the building ages, upgrades continue to meet and adhere to the challenges of being a green building. UPS continues to be on the cutting edge as a company invested in preserving resources and developing an alternative, so that in the end the next generation has a chance at life. Being innovative in sustainability benefits the company in a strong demand for their services and products. The environment benefits from the reduction in carbon emissions by using variety of transportation for shipping it ensures the lowest combination of carbon impact and UPS meets the needs of their customers (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). UPS needs to continue to be proactive, innovative and continuing to developing as a sustainable company. In continuing to be innovative, they are also a profitable company because customers see them as an environmentally active company that is trying to reduce their impact on the environment by leaving a better way of doing business. This show that companies can still make a profit and take care of the environment as a sustainable partner with the world. UPS embodies corporate citizenship in their leadership in redefining the transportation options for air and ground that can be a model for future business in how to protect and preserve the environment. The advance and innovative facilities built and upgraded in the various countries is another sign of their corporate citizenship. UPS worked in two of EPA’s program, which add to their knowledge, and analysis of how to develop and reduce their carbon imprint, reduce their emissions and lowered their water  consumptions to name a few. UPS operates the largest private alternative fuel fleet in the air and freight industry and continues to grow in this area as they continue to use their vehicles as laboratories in experimenting with new technologies and advancements in fuels (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). The eco-friendly packaging that UPS uses includes recycled fiber envelopes and boxes that eliminated bleached paper (UPS 2010 sustainability report, 2010). In following their own instincts and guidelines, UPS has become the model for other corporations to follow in maintain a responsible, sustainable relationship in the many communities that they operate in around the world. References French, M. (2012, January 01). [Web log message]. Retrieved February 5, 2012 from http://blog.ups.com/2012/01/10/leed-a-building-to-water-and-it-wont-drink-as-much UPS 2010 sustainability report. (2010). Retrieved January 27, 2012 from http://www.investors.ups.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=62900&p=irol-irhome

The Greek Achievement

Greece is the most prominent civilization and achievement in the history. Greek created many achievements in architecture, art, philosophy, mathematics and science. It occupied a very important position in the history of world culture. Moreover, there are no doubt that the contributions to the human society had a significant impact on the history. Also, There are some of the Greek achievements which still have impact on the world. Some information of achievements are below architecture and philosophy. Firstly, the style of architecture was mainly by Classical order.It represents the order of a building. Due to the Greeks believed that Zeus is very important in the gods of Greek mythology. And then, the gods of Mount Olympus looks like a human. They need the construction of buildings to protect them. For instance, the Parthenon which was built in Athens and accordance with strict laws of balance and proportion. It is a architecture that full of order. Therefore, this classical style w as continued to influence early Western architecture. The most notably monuments is the Lincoln Memorial in Washington.In addition, the refinement of form and the architectural of the style were established in the Greek temple. It is a architectural what is influence for the last two thousand years of western building tradition. Likewise, philosophy is also a part of the Greek achievement. Philosophy is a Greek word that meaning â€Å"love of wisdom†. Greeks searched the answers about their role in the universe. The Athenians loved ideas as much as they loved the freedom of democracy. The most famous philosopher in Athens was called Socrates. He dared to raise questions about Athenian values.He believed that is important to examine the laws, social customs, and even religious values. His motto was â€Å"know thyself†. After his death, his student Plato carried on his work. Plato opened the first university called the Academy in Greece which taught students. The ideas o f Plato and Socrates are still study around the world now. To sum up, the classical age in Greece was a period of greatness achievement. Also, Greece was a the standard for philosophy, science, history, art and architecture for all different cultures. Therefore, the Greek architecture and the philosophy are still affect in the modern society.

Assignment1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Assignment1 - Essay Example Its major function is to carry the genetic information to the cytoplasm for the protein synthesis process. However, DNA is present in the nucleus mainly to store the genetic information. DNA is short lived and double stranded while mRND is single stranded and has a short lifespan. A DNA chemical test can be carried out to observe their performance in genetic synthesis. c. Starch and cellulose are polymers having very similar characteristics. They have similar glucose based repeat units and are made up of the same monomer. However, all the repeated units in starch are oriented in one direction while in cellulose; every successive unit of glucose is rotated 180 degrees of around the axis of the backbone chain of the polymer. In experiments, starch is soluble in warm water while cellulose is tough and can only be broken down into simpler units when treated with acids at high temperatures. Starch is therefore used as a major source of energy in human food while cellulose is used in making fibre materials (Markussen et al., 2002). d. Amylose is a D-glucose unit polysaccharide that forms 20-30% of the total starch structure while Amylopectin forms the remaining percentage of the cell starch structure. In experiments, the amylase components do not dissolve in water while Amylopectin dissolves in water. Structurally, Amylose can appear in a pair of distinct helical forms or in a distorted amorphous confirmation. Amylopectin , however, has a non-random branching determined by enzymes and glucose residues (Markussen et al., 2002). e. Myoglobin is a monomer that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin as reflected when oxygen is in the bloodstream is observed to move from hemoglobin to myoglobin. On the other hand, hemoglobin is a tetramer made up of a pair of related subunits of alpha and beta. Their functional difference can be observed in an oxygen uptake experiment under similar conditions for oxygen

Critically evaluate one aspect of your chosen reserach article Essay

Critically evaluate one aspect of your chosen reserach article - Essay Example On the other hand, qualitative methods are generally supported by the interpretivist (also referred to as constructivist) who portrays the world in which reality is socially constructed, complex, and ever changing. Each represents a fundamentally different inquiry paradigm and researcher actions are based on the underlying assumptions of each paradigm. Strauss and Corbin, (1990) states that qualitative research, is any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. Quantitative researchers seek causal determination, prediction, and generalization of findings; while qualitative researchers seek instead illumination, and understanding to similar situations. Therefore, qualitative analysis results in a different type of knowledge than does quantitative inquiry. Glesne (1999) states that qualitative researchers seek out a variety of perspectives; they do not reduce the multiple interpretations to a norm. She adds that in qualitative research, face-to-face interactions are the predominant distinctive feature and also the basis for its most common problem. Such problem she states include researchers’ involvement with the people they study and the accompanying challenges, and opportunities that such closeness brings. Straus and Corbin (1990) claim that qualitative methods can be used to better understand any phenomenon about which little is yet known. They can also be used to gain new perspectives on things about which much is already known, or to gain more in-depth information that may be difficult to convey quantitatively, or where the researcher has determined that quantitative measures cannot adequately describe or interpret a situation. Questionnaires were used in the study as a means of collecting data from participants, with an aim in obtaining their personal views on the safety and security of their children. Campbell et al

Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) - Essay Example Even though it builds up models, and those models are not considered to correspond to the â€Å"existent world†, however with the help of those rules and principles you can form or arrange your thoughts about the actual world. These models are not considered as descriptive or normative on the other hand they may comprise attributes of both (Williams, 2005). One of the most useful benefits of soft system methodology is that it imposes restrictions on your thinking in order to improve your thinking (Williams, 2005). Soft Systems Methodology efforts to promote knowledge and positive reception of the problem circumstances between a group of stakeholders rather than get started to resolve a predefined problem. The complication of numerous managerial/social problem circumstances overcomes efforts at defining a problem: in numerous such circumstances the problem is what is the problem? SSM presents a structure for handling such circumstances (Richards, 2004). Soft Systems Methodology is the only one of its kind in the fields of practical systems judgment, carrying unfussiness to perplexed and compound conditions. The tools of Soft systems methodology conceptualization, encrusted observation and design hold up the model structuring stage as well as contain the dissimilar Weltanschauungen of the circumstances. Contrast of the representations by means of the prosperous as well as disordered real-world offer general imminent concerning what must be as well as, in an iterative mode, authorize single-minded deeds to be in use (Yinghong, 2007). The application of this soft systems methodology knowledge gave way imminent to increase services. One main field spotlighted has been that of contact. Efficient information communication among and within organizations is compulsory to carry the more victorious accomplishment of information system. Getting this feature accurately will aid to take the other significant fields those are ease of access

You choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

You choose - Essay Example These emissions are from deforestation or from burning fossil fuels that tend to trap the heat that is meant to eventually escape from earth. (Archer, 2012). The Earths climate is often caused by the first 6 miles or so of the atmosphere. It contains most of the matter that make up the atmosphere (Weart, 2003). A close study of this layer shows how thin it really is. In fact, if one were to view Earth from space, the main part of the atmosphere would seem to be only thick as the onions skin. It is through the realization of this fact that makes it even more evident to make an assumption that human beings can change the climate. The greenhouse effect is one of the major factors that cause global warming. Hence, a study of the amount of greenhouse gasses that humans spew into the atmosphere makes the assumption even more plausible. Different researchers have over the years come up with several explanations of global warming to ensure the proper understanding of it to the general public. According to Johansen (2011), global warming is described as the observed century scale ascending of the earth’s average temperature in its climate system and the associated effects. Numerous results of the evidence by scientists show the gradual warming of the climate system (Weart, 2003). Since 1970, the additional energy that has been stored in the climate system has diverted to ocean warming. Only 10% of it has remained hence leading to melting of the ice, warming of the continents and the atmosphere (Weart, 2003). There have been many observed changes since 1950s to now hence the changes appear to be unprecedented in these decades. In the present time, it is clear that technology has developed as compared to ten years ago. The greater the technology, the more the scientific understanding of global warming is seen to increase. The world now cannot be

IKEA and India Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

IKEA and India - Assignment Example During 1960s-1970s, it became the prominent furniture manufacturer in Sweden. In the 1980’s, IKEA expands dramatically into new markets such as USA, Italy, France and the UK (Ikea, 2012). At present, Ikea has operations in more than 40 countries in the world. However, it has no business units in India at present even though India is one of the most rapidly developing economies in the world. Many people believe that India may become a superpower both in terms of economic growth as well as military power in near future itself. Moreover, it is often said that global wealth is currently shifting from less heavily populated American and European continents to the more heavily populated Asian continent because of the rapid growth witnessing in India and China like countries. Prominent international companies are currently competing each other in establishing business units in India like emerging markets. Under such circumstances, it is difficult for Ikea like MNC’s to avoid I ndia completely while formulating their international business strategies. This paper analyses the merits and demerits of India as a market for Ikea’s international business operations. Analysis and justification of Indian market Porter’s Five forces Model Michael Porter has identified five competitive forces which may affect the competitive power of an organization. They are; Threat of substitute products, Threat of new entrants, Intense rivalry among existing players, Bargaining power of suppliers and Bargaining power of Buyers (Porter’s Five Forces Model, 2009). The figure given below illustrates Porter’s five forces theory. (Porter’s Five Forces Model, 2009) Threat from new entrants is the first force in Porter’s five forces model. â€Å"Microeconomics teaches that profitable industries attract new competition until the downward pressure on prices has squeezed all the economic profit from the firms. New firms in an industry put downward pressure on prices, upward pressure on costs and an increased necessity for capital expenditures in order to compete† (Porter’s Five Forces- Threat of New Entrants, 2012). Furniture market in India is not much competitive because of the absence of prominent companies. In fact furniture manufacturing is a small scale industry in India and hence MNC’s like Ikea can easily overcome the resistance of small scale furniture manufacturers in India. In other words, Indian furniture industry is highly fragmented and Ikea can exploit such situation to their favor. Less threat from new entrants or competitors will help Ikea to increase their profits in Indian market. â€Å"Competitive rivalry will be high if there is little differentiation between the products sold between customers† (For Marketing Learners Globally, n. d). As mentioned earlier, Nokia may not face much competition in Indian market because of the absence of any furniture manufacturing MNC’s in Indian market. Small scale furniture manufacturers in India may not have the financial capabilities to compete with Ikea like big companies. â€Å"Supplier power exists when there are only few suppliers. It also exists when the switching cost becomes more for the organization to move from one supplier to another† (For Marketing Learners Globally, n.d). Availability of wood for manufacturing furniture is different at different locations in India. For example, India’s southernmost states such as Kerala have immense forest resources whereas North India has

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay - 1

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Why - Essay Example in the capital as well as money market in different countries. The whole process is done by the finance manager of the concerned investing companies. The need for the investment market globally generated from the very advent of the securities market and the developments in the line of market participation in the stock exchanges and hence market volumes. These had a cumulative impact on the volatility in the securities market which ultimately gave rise to the need of the technical analysis tool in the hands of the experts to crack the investment market movements (Correia, 2007, p.154). The need for the understanding of the market trends came primary to the fundamental analysis of the companies and this gave rise to the need for qualified and expert personnel to act as investment bankers in the hands of large asset management companies and investment banking sector. Here this study is based on different types of tools and techniques of investment management like risk and return, CAPM m odel, WACC Model, capital structure, option etc. Risk and Return The terminology â€Å"risk† is mainly used for the investment which indicates the difference between the actual return and the expected return of the investment (Kieso, 2010, p.97). On the other side, return on the investment indicates the earring from investment which can be treated as a reward of risk bearing. So, this tool indicates the gain and loss on the investment from the investment within certain time period. Portfolio Theory The fundamental of the portfolio theory indicates to diversify different types of securities in to different types of risk for the purpose to minimise the risk factor. In 1952, Harry Markowitz introduced the idea of diversification. So this theorem was mainly introduced for the purpose of maximising the return i.e. wealth of the investors. International diversification indicates diversification of the various investment strategies decided on, by the finance managers of the investme nt company. It relates to the investment decision made by the finance manager in different securities of different markets, thereby, enabling the investment bank to reap the benefits of investing in different markets. Since, the foreign exchange market operates 24 hours in a day, investing in different markets will ensure maximum returns to the portfolio by taking the advantage of the variance in the currency value in different markets. Currency trading is an important strategy that most of the finance manager adopts for maximizing the portfolio value. Diversification in the portfolio will help in eliminating risk to a great extent, since policies adopted in a country might affect the stock market of a country but might not affect the stock market of another country. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Capital asset pricing model is an important technique to know the actual position of the particular assets (securities, bonds, share etc.). International capital asset pricing model is the extended vision of CAPM, used when the investment companies are going to invest internationally. The extract of this model employed to stand the statement â€Å"For reducing the risk the investors should invest in the internationally diverse portfolio†. For example mutual fund can be used as a good diverse portfolio for the investors, who have less capability. The great economist William Sharpe developed the CAPM model for the first time. The key feature of this model is to calculate the risk attached with the investment and highlights

Volcanic Eruptions versus Human Civilizations 2mya Essay

Volcanic Eruptions versus Human Civilizations 2mya - Essay Example Besides, it will also assess the connection between volcanic activity and population distribution in the modern world and the ancient world (Small and Naumann, 2001, p. 32). The structure of the ancient civilizations shall also be another element that this paper will address as it endeavors to unearth how different civilizations functioned. Case study of such civilizations shall come from China, Asia, Africa and India. Additionally, this paper will also analyze the evolution of hominid and their association with the selected civilizations that this paper shall analyze, evaluate and discuss (Sparks et al., 2005, p. 41). Introduction There are volcanic landscapes all over the world that one may observe that at one time in history has tremendous effects on human culture and civilization. Perhaps the most prominent eruption in the recent past was the Toba eruption (Machida and Sugiyama, 2002, p. 49). This was the last massive volcanic eruption in history for the last few hundred thousand years ago. That is as far as the Mediterranean basin is an item of analysis. Many historians assert that this eruption drew in large populations after the eruption, contrary to popular beliefs that populations would normally move away from disaster zones (Lowe, 2002, p. 47). That may have been a historic coincidence. This does not wash away other facts that volcanic eruptions may act to disperse populations (Rampino and Ambrose, 2000, p. 32). Other civilizations have also been victims of volcanic activity. In fact, some civilizations have even disappeared in the aftermath of immense volcanic activity. Some historic examples include empires that were hardest hit during the Cycladic and Minoan that suffered massive disasters during the 1628 B.C mammoth eruptions. To say generalize that volcanic activity has a negative effect on civilization would not suffice an informed assessment (Rampino, 2002, p. 33). Rather, at times in history, there were occasions when effects of volcanic activ ity were profound on civilizations. Sometimes civilizations fell or declined owing to volcanic activities (Torrence and Grattan, 2002, p. 14). Nevertheless, such is just like the rise and wane of kingdoms. It happens that sometimes there are factors that promote the growth of civilizations or sometimes factors may set in that disfavor growth of civilizations. There could be a probability of coincidences. As such, there may be close relationships between such success factors, volcanic activity and the emergence of a civilization (Sharma, 2004, p. 29). However, volcanic activity remains the overriding factor given that it has a record that one may relate closely with the emergence of civilizations. Some other factors about volcanic activities such as shaping the landscape have a connection with early civilizations. This is because landscapes influence human settlements and civilizations emerged out from organized settlements. Another aspect about volcanic landscape is that nature of e conomic life and cultures that arise have some complex similarities across the world. This is so intricate in such that one may conclude that there is something about volcanic landscapes and cultures. Probably one may explain the issue of related economic activities to the fact that the mountains presented modified climate that was a gift to economic life (Robock, 2000, p. 42). Most communities that inhabited such volcanic areas responded to the uniqueness of their surrounding by

Francisco Goya as Representative of Modern Art Essay Example for Free

Francisco Goya as Representative of Modern Art Essay The culture of the museum, as well as its patrons, determines the vision of modern art. However, it is limited not simply due to the fact that tit negates or contradicts the aberrant and the other, but also because the preferences and interests of the patrons of the modern art have been peculiar or unusual with all the familiar concerns and obsessions of modern artists themselves. This consists of their concern with radical difference, their search for alternative forms of representation and their aspirations to demystify the classicism that inspired and shaped European art† (Doyle and Winkiel, 36). In order to understand the concerns of modern art through the artists, it is best to look at the life of Franciso Goya and the influences which shaped his brilliant art and masterpieces which gives emphasis to his right to be considered as the representative of Modern Art. In March 30, 1746, a young boy, future artist was born in Fuendetodos, which is considered to be a small town which is located close to Saragossa. The parents of this young boy, who was named Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes were Jose Francisco de Paula and Gracia Lucientes. The former was a gilder while the latter was a member of a poor but noble family. Even if Francisco Goya was only fourteen years old, he already took a four-year apprenticeship under the tutelage of Jose Luzan, who was considered to be an undistinguished who honed his painter skills through rigorous studies in Naples. Francisco Goya was part of the competitions which were sponsored by the Real Academia de San Fernando. It took place in Madrid in the year 1770 to 1771, but during that time, he was not that triumphant or victorious. In addition to this, when he participated in a competition which was sponsored by the Academia de Parma, he was only able to receive or obtain an honorable mention. However, this honorable mention cannot be taken for granted because it helped him receive pious commissions. These commissions were mainly from Saragossa, where Francisco Goya decided to settle by June in the year 1771. Franciso Goya’s wife is Madrid Josefa Bayeu, and they got married in July 25 1773. Madrid Josefa Bayeu is the sister of Franciso Bayeu, who is known to be the leading Spanish artist at the court. Josefa Bayeu was a very big help for Franciso Goya’s career. She helped him receive a position at the royal tapestry factory, for which Franciso Goya executed sixty-three cartoons by1792, wherein thirty nine are considered to be created before 1780. Franciso Goya has a competitive advantage against other painters because he is able to effectively use vivid colors and intense luminosity in his cartoons. In July 1778, Franciso Goya was able to publish his first serious groups of prints. Nine etchings in these prints were after the paintings created by Velasquez which can be found in the royal collection. In May 1780, he was unanimously voted or elected to the Academia in Madrid. His â€Å"Christ on the Cross† (Prado, Madrid), a conventional neoclassical painting was a great help for Franciso Goya to receive such position. In March 1785, he was chosen to be the deputy director of the Academia (Brown and Mann, 3) Approaching the end of the year in 1792, Francisco Goya suffered a mysterious illness which disabled him for much of the following year. This mysterious illness also caused him to become permanently deaf and eventually, reevaluate his goals as an artist. Francisco Goya’s powerful social commentary which is the result of his developed fantasy and invention can be observed in â€Å"Caprichos†. â€Å"Caprichos† is a series of eighty etchings which Franciso Goya offered for sale. Francisco Goya’s brilliant use of realistic observation mixed with brutal distortion creates an extraordinary power to the scenes which Goya had drawn from both the daily life and his own imagination. However, the sardonic criticisms that was received by Franciso Goya regarding his works, especially those from the existing social order, made him decide to remove them for sale. Between 1797 and 1798, Franciso Goya was able to receive the commission for the frescoes in the hermitage church which is located in San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. He was able to receive this because of the help of Jovellanos who was the Minister of Grace and Justice, from November 1797 until the August of 1799. Franciso Goya inverted the customary baroque display or arrangement by illustrating the angels under the dome in which he characterized Saint Anthony conducting a miracle. Unlike the works of the other artists, â€Å"vigorous brushwork and the definitions of the figures primarily in terms of large, flat planes of intense color, unprecedented in church decorative schemes† were observed in Franciso Goya’s works. (Brown and Mann, 4) In 1819, Francisco Goya suffered a relapse of his illness. He again endured this illness which nearly cost him his life. This traumatic experience of Francisco Goya can be observed or is most likely reflected in the fourteen Black Paintings which he created in Prado, Madrid, in the year 1820 or 1823. Using oil as a medium, he painted directly on the walls of two rooms in the country house on the periphery of Madrid, generally known as Quinto del Sordo which is translated as the house of the deaf man. It was named after him, â€Å"the deaf man†, because he had purchased it in February 1819. His rough handling of paint and expressionistic distortions intensify or gave emphasis the violence of his works, particularly in the image of â€Å"Saturn Devouring His Son†. Several attempts have been made just to interpret Franciso Goya’s works, but these highly personal paintings challenged and disregarded any rational explanation (Brown and Mann, 5). Designing tapestries during the time of Francisco Goya was not a highly regarded task. In addition to this, it is not even well paid. However, designing tapestries offered Francisco Goya a chance or the break to start in the big city. The commissions that he received from designing tapestries came directly from the Court. After five years, Franciso Goya presented his designs to the King and the Crown Prince and Princesses in person. In this manner, he had the privilege of kissing their majesties’ hands, which is definitely one good indication or sign for a man who is eager to rise to the top (Hagen, 7). The prince, Charles IV, was particularly fascinated with the hunted, broadly with themes of the hunting. As a result, Francisco Goya mainly designed hunting scenes. When the heir to the throne took Maria Luisa of Parma as his wife, Francisco Goya’s art was changed. Maria Luisa wanted her tapestries to show the popular diversions, or scenes which show ordinary people enjoying pleasurable pursuits, which the temperamental Italian princess was not allowed to indulge at the strict Spanish court. Charles IV’s wife yearned to surround herself with light-hearted scenes which depicts everyday life also influenced the trend which is being acted out in the theaters of Madrid; â€Å"between the acts of classical dramas, the public would be entertained with comic scenes from the daily lives of the lower classes† (Hagen, 7). Not like the religious or pious themes of Franciso Goya’s Saragossa work and the hunting scenes which he created for the Crown Prince, the work of art which he created for the Maria Luisa now provided Francisco Goya the motivation. It also gave Francisco Goya the chance to illustrate how people behaved and how they treated each other, as well as the opportunity to show his representation of these things in his own perspective. Moreover, it can be said that he expounds these themes humorously and light-heartedly, which he would later present in a completely different light. From this early stage or phase stems the self-portrait of Francisco Goya, in which he is looking neither skeptical nor gloomy. It is not actually a self-portrait of Francisco Goya, but the broad, flat face with high cheek-bones, undoubtedly shows that it is him. Unmistakably at a â€Å"novillada†, Francisco Goya can be observed to be standing with a number of other young men situated near a bull. â€Å"Novillada† means a bloodless fight with a young bull. Goya himself testified to have engaged in such risk-laden chase or recreation, though speculations that it is just a rumor he spread himself are present. Considering the fact that bullfighting fascinated him right up to the end of his life, it would look that it is not out of his character. A strong indication or support for this would be the time when he signed one of his letters using the title â€Å"Franciso de los Toros†, which is considered or translated as â€Å"Francisco of the bulls† (Hagen, 10). Francisco Goya, however, was not only familiar with the bulls but also the majos and the majas or the men and women from the lower quarters of Madrid. These majos or majas unlike the other residents of Madrid, have a particular style of dress and conduct. The typical majo is said to be proud, easily offended and quick to pull a knife. In addition to this, he is relished with eye-catching costume and, as far as he could help it, the majos never worked. This unwillingness to perform any type of work at all known to be widespread among Spanish men in the 18th century, dated back to the time when Columbus discovered America. The new colonies sent their gold back to the king. The king in return, gave it to his favorites and his far too many officials and officers. Although this â€Å"Golden Age† was long gone, the pretension to idleness and redundancy had remained, even among those classes who had never directly profited from the king’s gold (Hagen, 10). The female pendant to the majo was the maja. The maja is considered to be a woman with passionate nature who took a delight in being provocative. In his representations or interpretations of majas, Francisco Goya challenges the concerns and issues of class and race. He also emphasizes the power of the gaze itself. Based on the writings of the French Ambassador of Spain in 1788, according to the accounts of J. E. de Bourgoing, the majas are indeed considered as the lower class but, for the bewitched majo, the maja was â€Å"the most seducing priestess that ever presided at the altars of Venus† (Mahon, 42). The limitation of the real majas would be the majism. Majism is the sub-cultural style of life and the way of dress, considered to be a significant aspect during the revolutionary call for democracy in the nineteenth century. Francisco Goya’s â€Å"The Naked Maja† (1798-1805) as well as her counterpart, â€Å"The Clothed Maja† (1800-1803), represents the power of the majism during their times. For the â€Å"Naked Maja† and the â€Å"Clothed Maja†, they boldly or shamelessly face the viewer. The majas posed heir hands in order to maximize the erotic effect which they inflict on their viewers. The maja’s fashionably coquettish shoes, shimmering dress and lace bolero in the â€Å"Clothed Maja† appears all the more tantalizing or enticing as compared to her bare flesh which can be observed in the â€Å"Naked Maja†. She is not, however, idealized or innocent due to her charms. Rather, she is a daringly erotic portrait or representation in an era when nudes are considered to be illegal or banned in Spain because of the influences of the all-powerful Church on erotic fashion or masterpieces. The erotic messages conveyed by fashion involve the interplay of their whole body and the perspective of both sexes. More particularly, it can be said that they are most acutely focused in the proportions of the female torso. It is the most considerable field of fashionable alteration and at the same time the one where the shape of fashion most willingly comes into view to wear the genuine look of nature. The placement, the depth and width of the pelvis, the relative girth and length of the rib cage, size and shape of the breasts, the set of the neck and shoulders, and the exact disposition of its fleshy upholstery, front and back, all these, along with the styles of posture both seated and upright, are continuously shifting visually, according to the way clothes have been variously considered in history to help the female body give the impression of being more beautiful and natural on their terms. Nude art, inescapably dedicated or devoted to Eros, recognizes those terms. Francisco Goya’s â€Å"Naked Maja† and â€Å"Clothed Maja† in Prado, Madrid are generally recognized as erotic. They are considered as such not just because of the shadowy suggestion of pubic hair. One of the most significant characteristics of the naked maja’s body is that it gives the impression of showing the effects of corseting without the corset, which on the other hand, is very positively present in the clothed maja. The high, widely separated breasts and rigid spine of the recumbent naked maja are as erotic as her pubic fuzz or sexy smile. Her breasts certainly disobey the law of gravity and her legs, comfortable or accustomed to emerging through the light-weight and to a certain extent, narrow skirts of the day, are self-consciously disposed for effect, comparable to that of a twentieth-century woman. It is the definite effect of her missing fashionable dress or costume that makes her a purposely or deliberately a sexual image (Hollander, 91). In this way, Francisco Goya’s majas can be observed within the context of his 1796-1797 â€Å"Caprichos†. The term â€Å"capricho† was coined after the Italian word â€Å"capriccio†, which means â€Å"a caprice or jeu d’esprit† outside the usual rules. In the year 1790s, capricho was referred particularly to the arts and to the power of imaginative and creative initiative and resourcefulness rather than observance of the traditions, norms or custom. Locally, the term was also utilized to illustrate or exemplify the moral points created in Spanish comedies. Francisco Goya, being a a keen theatre-goer, it is this understanding of the term that critics often use when reading his art. The paintings of the majas are part of this â€Å"capricho spirit† too, as they refer to the personal and the political. Goya create distortions in his patron, the Duchess of Alba and her courtly lifestyle wherein the Duchess was rumored or thought to be the model of the Naked Maja, due to the speculation that both have rich black hair. On the other hand, Francisco Goya’s â€Å"Caprichos† illustrate his faith in the power of fantasy not merely to lead art into a brave new world but to help depict and represent the hidden desires and fears of a politically corrupt society, and so to enlighten it too (Mahon, 43). Francisco Goya has been renowned as one of the greatest artists of all times and as an essential and a pivotal figure in the expansion and maturity of modern art. Francisco Goya’s utilization and management of the textual qualities of paint and the expressive and emotional intensity of much of his imagery to a great extent influenced later painters. Impressionists, romantics, symbolists, realists, and surrealists have all considered him as their spiritual ancestor. Francisco Goya’s oeuvre, which has been considered or contemplated to be consisted of 688 (Gassier and Wilson) to772 (Gudiol) paintings, is as diverse as it is large (Brown and Mann, 5). Francisco Goya also represents additional feminine sensitiveness and it is imbued or drenched with temperament. This is the quality of Francisco Goya’s impressionism which makes it modern (Caffin, 203). Francisco Goya as an artist is perceived and understood as being critical or even disapproving of conventional portraiture, which is considered as socially elevating, consistentand in large measure, banal. This analysis of the recipes of portraiture is frequently construed as an analysis of class-based society itself. Tradition in portraiture is not at all monolithic, if one considers the work of Francisco Goya where the communicative and expressive range inside the genre is adequately or sufficiently grand to act as precedent or example for almost any modern portrait (Brettell, 169). Works Cited Brettell, Richard R. Modern Art, 1851-1929: Capitalism and Representation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Brown, Jonathan, and Richard Mann. Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. USA: National Gallery of Art, 1990. Caffin, Charles Henry. The Story of Spanish Painting. Michigan: University of Michigan, 1910. Doyle, Laura, and Laura A. Winkiel. Geomodernisms: Race, Modernism, Modernity. USA: Indiana University Press, 2005.

Different Types of Credit Cards Essay Example for Free

Different Types of Credit Cards Essay INTRODUCTION In this assignment, I am doing a particular study about the different types of credit cards. A credit card is a payment card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows the cardholder to pay for goods and services based on the holders promise to pay for them. The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user. A credit card is different from a charge card: a charge card requires the balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being charged. A credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used like currency by the owner of the card. A credit card differs from a charge card also in that a credit card typically involves a third-party entity that pays the seller and is reimbursed by the buyer, whereas a charge card simply defers payment by the buyer until a later date. The size of most credit cards is 85.60 Ãâ€" 53.98 mm (33/8 Ãâ€" 21/8 in), conforming to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Credit cards have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. Credit cards Credit cards now are of various types with different fees, interest rates and rewarding programs. When applying for a credit card, it is important to learn of their diverse types to know the one best suited to their lifestyle and financial status. Different types of credit cards available by banks and other companies/organizations are briefly described below. Standard Credit Card: This is the most commonly used. One is allowed to use money up to a certain limit. The account holder has to top up the amount once the level of the balance goes down. An outstanding balance gets a penalty charge. Premium Credit Card: This has a much higher bank account and fees. Incentives are offered in this over and above that in a standard card. Credit card holders are offered travel incentives, reward points, cask back and other rewards on the use of this card. This is also called the Reward Credit Card. Some examples are: airlines frequent flier credit card, cash back credit card, automobile manufacturers rewards credit card. Platinum and Gold, MasterCard and Visa card fall into this category . Secured Credit Card: People without credit history or with tarnished credit can avail this card. A security deposit is required amounting to the same as the credit limit. Revolving balance is required according to the buying and selling done. The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments, as with a regular credit card, but should they default on a payment, the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit. The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus. This allows building a positive credit history. Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer, the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments. Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed, either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency (150 to 180 days). This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees, and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card. Limited Purpose Credit Card: There is limitation to its use and is to be used only for particular applications. This is used for establishing small credits such as gas credits and credit at departmental stores. Minimal charges are levied. Charge Credit Card: This requires the card holder to make full payment of the balance every month and therefore there is no limit to credit. Because of the spending flexibility, the card holder is expected to have a higher income level and high credit score. Penalty is incurred if full payment of the balance is not done in time. Specialty Credit Card: It is used for business purposes enabling businessmen to keep their businesses transactions separately in a convenient way. Charge cards and standard cards are available for this. Also, students enrolled in an accredited 4-year college/university course can avail this benefit. Prepaid Credit Card: Here, money is loaded by the card holder on to the card. It is like a debit card except that it is not tied up with a bank account. This is directly connected to savings account. The payments from this card can be made until there is balance in the account. Low Interest Rate Credit Cards: This credit card is highly useful as they will have low interest rates. Business Credit Cards Credit cards that are specifically for business use only. They give the privilege for business owners to have an easy method of keeping and separating personal and business transaction. This credit card is available for businessmen who have large scale, small scale or medium scale business to look after. This card is highly useful for facilitating businessman’s training programs, travel and entertainment programs. Gold Credit Card: Gold credit cards are made for higher income groups who also have higher credit rating. It is a status symbol and is considered prestigious. The features of gold credit cards are: Cash withdrawal limit is higher Credit limit is higher Provides one Add-on card which can be given to either, spouse, children or parents of the credit card holder Provides many privileges such as travel insurance, reward points, cash back offers etc. Platinum or Titanium Card: P latinum or Titanium cards are similar to gold credit cards but they have few more additional benefits. The additional features may differ from bank to bank. Few common features are listed below: Protection against credit card loss and theft. Protection against online fraud transactions Protection against sickness and injury by an accident. There is no yearly fee Silver Credit Card: Silver credit cards are the standard credit cards available and most of the employed people with 4 or 5 years’ experience can own this type of card. The features of silver cards are: Lower membership fees The applicant need not be a high- salaried person to buy silver card. The interest rate is 0% initially between 6-9 months when transferring account balance from one credit provider to another one. If the credit history of the card holder is good, the credit limit provided will be the same as provided to other credit cards. There are many other types of credit cards sold in India. Few are mentioned below: Rewards Credit Card: This card has rewards attached to it on based on usage of the card, for e.g. A card may offer 5% discount on fuel, if it is used to buy fuel and gas, or a card may offer cash back facility if a certain amount is spent through it. Balance Transfer Credit Card: This card is bought to pay outstanding amount of one card with the other. In this too there are cards that offer interest-free time period. List of credit cards provided by the various banks: Indian Overseas Bank Visa International Credit card Axis Platinum card Bank of Indias India Card Gold International Card Citibank Dinners Club International card ICICI Bank Online card Syndicate Global Gold Credit Card CorpBank Gold card Vijaya Bank Visa Gold Credit Card HSBC Platinum card CorpBank Classic card Vijaya Bank VISA Classic International Card HDFC Silver credit card Conclusion Here we discussed about various types credit cards that using for the simplicity in transactions. Many credit cards can also be used in an ATM to withdraw money against the credit limit extended to the card, but many card issuers charge interest on cash advances before they do so on purchases. As well as convenient, accessible credit, credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes. Credit cards are accepted worldwide, and are available with a large variety of credit limits, repayment arrangement, and other perks (such as insurance protection, rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or cashback). Some countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable due to fraudulent transactions as a result of a consumers credit card being lost or stolen.

Psychiatry And In Cold Blood Essay English Literature Essay

Psychiatry And In Cold Blood Essay English Literature Essay On November 15, 1959, in the small town of Holcomb, Kansas, four members of the Clutter family, Herbert Clutter, Bonnie Clutter, Nancy Clutter, and Kenyon Clutter, were savagely murdered by two violent marauders with initially no apparent motive for the horrendous crime. Within the novel In Cold Blood, Truman Capote reconstructs the events leading up to the murder and the investigation that eventually led to the capture, trial, and execution of the killers, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, on April 14, 1965. During the trial, both of the defendants were considered to be mentally ill, but were competent to stand trial and execution as they had been recognized with the capacity to discriminate between right and wrong, and were therefore considered mentally sane. Even though both defendants were mentally ill, the jury reached the rational verdict of execution since the mentally ill should not be pardon from such a punishment, therefore justifying it necessary for the defendants. Since 1976, the United States has been attempting to assess the criminal responsibility of murderers by dividing them into two categories, the mentally sane and the insane, and prosecuting them due process of law. In the article printed in, The American Journal of Psychiatry (July, 1960), written in collaboration by Karl Menninger, Irwin Rosen, and Martin Mayman, it explains, The sane murderer is thought of as acting upon rational motives that can be understood, though condemned, and the insane one as being driven by irrational senseless motives. During the trial of Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, the prosecution used the MNaghten test to determine the sanity of the defendants, as the test asks whether the defendant was unable to understand what he or she was doing at the time of the crime due to some defect of reason or disease of the mind or, if he or she was aware of what she was doing, that he or she failed to understand that what he or she was doing was wrong. The criminal psyc hiatrist, Dr. Jones, who evaluated the mental condition of the defendants, testified that Richard Hickock and Perry Smith were sane, even though he personally concluded both to be suffering from mental illnesses. In Ford versus Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986) and Panetti versus Quarterman, 127 S. Ct. 2842 (2007), the Supreme Court held and reaffirmed that it was unconstitutional to execute someone who was incompetent at the time of his execution under the eighth amendment. However, those who are mentally ill, but not insane, have no such exemption. Therefore, both Richard Hickock and Perry Smith were lawfully entitled to the death penalty as the jury reached the rational verdict. On June 6, 1931, Richard Eugene Hickock, was born in Kansas City, Kansas to his parents, Walter Hickock and Eunice Hickock. Richard was raised in Kansas City, as he attended Olathe High School, participating as a first team athlete and known to be a popular student with aspirations to attend college, but was slighted from his parents lack of wealth, which eventually led him to become a mechanic. After Richards unsuccessful marriage, fathering three children, and his extramarital affairs, he soon began participating in petty misdemeanor crimes, such as the creation and use of fraudulent checks which led to his conviction and sentence in Lansing correctional detention, where he devised the Clutter incident and met his partner in crime Perry Smith. On November 15, 1959, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith implemented their plans by robbing and murdering four members of the Clutter family at their home. During the prosecution of the defendants, the defense requested a psychiatric evaluation for Richard Hickock, who evaluated by the criminal physiatrist Dr. Jones, described the mental condition of Hickock, as he wrote, Richard Hickock is above average in intelligence, grasps new ideas easily and has a wide fund of information. He is alert to what is happening around him, and he shows no sign of mental confusion or disorientation. His thinking is well organized and logical and he seems to be in good contact with reality. Although I did not find the usual signs of organic brain damage memory loss, concrete concept formation, intellectual deterioration this cannot be completely ruled out. He had a serious head injury with concussion and several hours of unconsciousness in 1950 this was verified by me by checking hospital records. He says he has had blackout spells, periods of amnesia, and headaches ever since that time, and a major portion of his antisocial behavior has occurred since that time. He has never had the medical tests which would definitely prove or disprove the existence of residual brain damage. Definitive medical tests are indicated before a complete evaluation can be said to exist. Hickock does show signs of emotional abnormality. That he knew what he was doing and still went ahead with it is possibly the most clear-cut demonstration of this fact. He is a person who is impulsive in action, likely to do things without thought of consequences or future discomfort to himself or to others. He does not seem to be capable of learning from experience, and he shows an unusual pattern of intermittent periods of productive activity followed by patently irresponsible actions. He cannot tolerate feelings of frustration as a more normal person can, and he is poorly able to rid himself of those feelings except through antisocial activity. His self-esteem is very low, and he secretly feels inferior to others and sexually inadequate. These feelings seem to be overcompensated for by dreams of being rich and powerful, a tendency to brag about his exploits, spending sprees when he has money, and dissatisfaction with only the normal slow advancement he could expect from his job. He is uncomfortable in his relationships to other people, and has a pathological inability to form and hold enduring personal attachments. Although he professes usual moral standards he seems obviously uninfluenced by them in his actions. In summary, he shows fairly typical characteristics of what would psychiatrically be called a severe character disorder. It is important that steps be taken to rule out the possibility of organic brain damage, since, if present, it might have substantially influenced his behavior during the past several years and at the time of the crime (Capote, 294-295). The evaluation revealed several irregularities in Richard Hickocks mental state, as the doctor clarified was influenced by severe character disorder which would be closely related to severe depression, psychopathic and sociopathic tendency, and inadequate repression. Richards suffering from severe depression, which included; various aches and pains, negative and pessimistic thoughts, and insomnia, was a direct result of his constant feeling of disappointment to his parents, the experience of prison, complications during his marriage, and constant economic pressure. Richard demonstrated psychopathic and sociopathic characteristics which included; superficial charm, manipulations, antisocial behaviors such as lacking guilt, living a parasitic lifestyle, irresponsibility, impulsiveness, and pathological lying, as described, His poise, his explicitness, the assured presentation of verifiable detail impressed Nye though, of course, the boy was lying. Overall, the effects of mental illnes s on Richard Hickock during the Clutter murders undoubtedly granted him the character and ability needed to effortlessly execute the crime without fear and unfortunately leaving him without guilt. If the jury had not sentenced Richard Hickock to death, he would have continued to be a threat to society with the possibility of release to harm others. On October 27, 1928, Perry Edward Smith was born in Huntington, Nevada to his parents Florence Julia Buckskin and John Smith. During his early life, Perry was initially raised by his alcoholic mother, but was placed in a Catholic orphanage where he was allegedly abused physically and emotionally by nuns. Soon, he was placed in a Salvation Army orphanage, where again he was allegedly abused by a caretaker, and was then reunited with his father to live. As a child, Perry participated in a gang and became involved in petty crime, which resulted in detention in juvenile homes. Eventually, Perry enlisted as a United States Merchant Marine, and served in the Korean War in the army where he assaulted Korean civilians and soldiers. Perry Smith and Richard Hickock first met in the Kansas State Prison, at Lansing, Kansas, later resuming their acquaintance after Hickocks release, and carrying out the plan to pillage the Clutters, which resulted in the familys death. During the prosecution of th e defendants, the defense also requested a psychiatric evaluation for Perry Smith, who evaluated by the criminal physiatrist Dr. Jones, described the mental condition of Smith, as he wrote, Perry Smith shows definite signs of severe mental illness. His childhood, related to me and verified by portions of the prison records, was marked by brutality and lack of concern on the part of both parents. He seems to have grown up without direction, without love, and without ever having absorbed any fixed sense of moral values. He is oriented, hyper alert to things going on about him, and shows no sign of confusion. He is above average in intelligence, and has a good range of information considering his poor educational background. Two features in his personality make-up stand out as particularly pathological. The first is his paranoid orientation toward the world. He is suspicious and distrustful of others, tends to feel that others discriminate against him, and feels that others are unfair to him and do not understand him. He is overly sensitive to criticisms that others make of him, and cannot tolerate being made fun of. He is quick to sense slight or insult in things others s ay, and frequently may misinterpret well-meant communications. He feels he has great need of friendship and understanding, but he is reluctant to confide in others, and when he does, expects to be misunderstood or even betrayed. In evaluating the intentions and feelings of others, his ability to separate the real situation from his own mental projections is very poor. He not infrequently groups all people together as being hypocritical, hostile, and deserving of whatever he is able to do to them. Akin to this first trait is the second, an ever-present, poorly controlled rage easily triggered by any feeling of being tricked, slighted, or labeled inferior by others. For the most part, his rages in the, past have been directed at authority figures father, brother, Army sergeant, state parole officer and have led to violent assaultive behavior on several occasions. Both he and his acquaintances have been aware of these rages, which he says mount up in him, and of the poor control he has over them. When turned toward himself his anger has precipitated ideas of suicide. The inappropriate force of his anger and lack of ability to control or channel it reflect a primary weakness of personality structure. In addition to these traits, the subject shows mild early signs of a disorder of his thought processes. He has poor ability to organize his thinking, he seems unable to scan or summarize his thought, becoming involved and sometimes lost in detail, and some of his thinking reflects a magical quality, a disregard of reality. He has had few close emotional relationships with other people, and these have not been able to stand small crises. He has little feeling for others outside a very small circle of friends, and attaches little real value to human life. This emotional detachment and blandness in certain areas is other evidence of his mental abnormality. More extensive evaluation would be necessary to make an exact psychiatric diagnosis, but his present personality structure is very nearly that of a paranoid schizophrenic reaction (Capote, 296-298). The evaluation revealed several irregularities in Perry Smiths mental state, as the doctor explained was influenced by paranoid schizophrenia which would be closely related to bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress. Perry demonstrated indications of bipolar disorder as he experienced disruptive mood swings, manic states of depression as he sought grandeur, and the creation of delusional and unrealistic plans which may lead to rage if not completed. Perry seemed to suffer from post-traumatic stress which can trigger vivid emotions, in Perrys case pertaining to helpless, abuse and near death trauma, may result in irrational physical response due to an inability to cope. Although Perry Smiths participation in the Clutter incident was directly influenced by his mental illness, he still was able to slaughter four innocent people, which made him a danger to society and eligible for execution. Even though both defendants were both mentally ill, the jury reached the rational verdict of execution, as the mentally ill are not exempt from such a punishment, and was therefore necessary for both defendants. If the jurors had not decided to vote for the death penalty, and instead imposed a prison sentence, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, the killers of four members of the Clutter family, Herbert Clutter, Bonnie Clutter, Nancy Clutter, and Kenyon Clutter, would have continued to be a threat to society with the possibility of release to harm others. Work Cited: Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. New York: Random House, 1965. Print. Mental Illness and the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, 18 2012. Web. 27 Nov 2012.

Hamlet: The Theme of Having A Clear Conscience :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: The Theme of Having A Clear Conscience The most important line in Hamlet is, "The play's the thing, wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." (II, ii, 617). In the play, the issue of a clear conscience forms a key motif. When the conscience of the characters appears, it does so as a result of some action; as in the case of the aforementioned line, which follows Hamlet's conversation with the player. This line is of particular significance because it ties action and its effect on the conscience of the characters. The nature of Hamlet is conscience, and action plays an important role in creating the development of the plot. No where is this development seen clearer than with Hamlet. The Prince's development comes as a result of the self-evaluation of the actions that have taken place, and the ensuing actions that he takes are a clear result of this self-evaluation. So, in essence, the actions cause him to think of his conscience and then act upon these feelings. Hamlet's several soliloquies are a testament to this method. His first soliloquy, following a conversation with his recently wed mother and uncle reflect the uneasiness he feels. He feels betrayed. "O, most wicked speed, to post, with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. . . but break my heart, for I must hold my tounge." (I, ii, 156-159). Hamlet's conscience tells him what is wrong-in this case, the hasty marriage-but he is ambivalent as to how to approach it; before he meets the ghost, silence is his method. When Hamlet meets his father's ghost however, he feels sure of himself, and knows what he must do. As a result of the dialogue with the ghost, Hamlet's conscience makes him feel that revenge is the best method to deal with the problems that face him. The consciences of Hamlet, and to a lesser extent, Claudius, affect their decisions in the play. However, both characters only question themselves after they have been prompted by some specific action or dialogue. By self-evaluation, the characters then make the conscious decision to take action with their feelings. An example of this is at the end of act II, following Hamlet's conversation with the player. In the soliloquy to end the act (whereupon the most important line is derived), Hamlet questions his passion for the plot he has planned, and his conversation has clearly affected this ambivlance. However, after mulling over his passion- or lack thereof-towards his plot, Hamlet ends the soliloquy determined to carry out the play. Hamlet is questioning his allegiance to the "pact" he made with his father in Act I, but by the end of the

Essay --

Introduction Apart we know, dividend payments had been conducted over 300 years ago and yet, it is still continue acceptable until now (Frankfurter, Wood, & Wansley, 2003). In the 19th century, the dividend had become a kind of symbolic liquidations. However, dividend policy is contradicting because the view of each researcher is different. According to Black (1976), he ever stated that â€Å"the harder we look at the dividend picture, the more it seems like a puzzle, with pieces that just don’t fit together†. From this statement, we can truly make an assumption that the researchers’ arguments on it never stop as the understanding from each of the researchers is different and it is still questionable among financial field. Plenty of answer show that why dividend policy should be made. However, many empirical studies have shown that the result is not standardized and yet, it is different as each of the researchers has their own opinion on it. But, it is undeniable that the div idend payments have become symbolic liquidations solely determined by the directors. The companies pay dividends i...

Color of America :: essays research papers

Color of America Essay 1.) During the last few centuries many people have migrated to America. One of the main reasons for that is that they all hear about the American Dream and the Promise of America. The American Dream/Promise of America is pretty much a false idea. People from many different places hear that there is freedom and fairness here in this nation, and they hear that there is opportunity in America for everyone and that everyone had a word in things. This promise wasn’t really a promise though. For Native Americans, African-Americans, and other groups†¦this promise has been broken†¦mostly because the American Dream is obtainable†¦but very difficult to achieve. Let’s take African-Americans for example. African-Americans obviously have a very large difference compared to most others in the world. They are black. People seemed to have a difficult time accepting this and because the farmers and people working on plantations with slaves all got their slaves mainly from Africa and the blacks were chosen to be used by them to do all of their work. This made the blacks immediately a lower class of people and before they knew it they were getting pushed to the back of the bus and not allowed to use the same bathrooms or water fountains as white people. 2,) Today American life is like a tossed salad. When people starting migrating to America many years ago, this country was known as a melting pot. Meaning that everyone just pretty much blended in with each other. This became a problem though. People didn’t always mix very well, as they all had come from different cultures and had many cultural differences and also just many different lifestyles. If this country were a melting pot with immigrants from all over bringing over their culture, this country would be very difficult to live in. You could have people like the bushmen living right next door to upper class Americans that just don’t want people who walk around pretty much nude right next to them. That then has people of different groups striving for their cultural identity to be shown because they aren’t fitting into the Eurocentric ideal of an â€Å"American† culture. Saying that this country is like a tossed salad though is a lot different and a lot more realistic. This is saying that like vegetables in a salad, ethnic groups are being able to maintain their own identities while they can still participate in the culture of Americans.

Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground Essay

The utopian society has a long tradition in both philosophical and literary works. The image of a perfect state ruled exclusively by principles of good and righteousness has spurred the imagination of thinkers and writers over the centuries. Perfect harmony and sublime harmony and understanding dominate this state of things where evil is no longer known. In his famous satirical work, Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift identifies and censures the flaws inherent in human nature and the general interests, prejudices and impulses that govern the human society. Although the traveler explores unknown and fantastical lands, the various societies he encounters are only different versions of the same human geography governed by reason but also by vice. The last visit however takes Gulliver to the land of the Houyhnhnms, a utopian society that lives in absolute harmony and that does not even comprehend the notion of evil or deceit. It is not by accident that this ideal state is inhabited and ruled by horses endowed with the power of reason while man, or the Yahoo, is a base animal that serves the Houyhnhnms. Swift shows through this utopian representation that, however miraculous the power of reason and creativity in man, it will always corrupted by vice. Human nature is and will always be paradoxical: while reason has the ability to reveal the truth and weigh good and evil, man’s passions and instincts often prevent him from choosing good over evil. In a very different way, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground delivers a similar message regarding the possibility of a utopian human society. The â€Å"crystal palace† that the underground man speaks of is a symbol for the impossible, unreachable and vain ideal that the humanity chases. Paradoxically, the same humanity despises this lofty dream because it cannot laugh at it as it would. Moreover, Dostoevsky emphasizes that humanity is not satisfied with perfect harmony and happiness, although it covets impossible dreams. Sufferance is essential to the structure of the individual and, in Dostoevsky’s view, a secret wish of man. Therefore, both Swift and Dostoevsky give similar views of mankind and the impossibility of utopian states. Reason, which gives man the ability to see the truth and distinguish between good and evil, will always be blinded by passion and impulses. Man is a complex and paradoxical being, endowed with a superior spirit but also with a passionate nature apt to lead him into temptations. Lemuel Gulliver travels through the world and lands on peculiar lands where the inhabitants only appear to be fantastical creatures. In fact, all of them prove to be wonderful mirroring of Swift’s British contemporary society. Every state that the traveler encounters is governed by people who are the prey of numberless human impulses such as greed, prejudice, egotism, stubbornness, misconception, deceitfulness and violence. The dwarfs in Lilliput and the giants in Brobdingnag are only two representations of humanity at a different scale. Through these two representations, Swift unmasks human vanity and malice. In both of these countries human reason is paired with cunning and vice. The absurd academies of Laputa mock the vain enterprises of the human reason to conquer nature and reality. Their complicated systems of thought and their absurd inventions and devices only serve to root them strongly in blindness and lies, keeping them farther away from the truth. At the end of the journey, the last of the stops is a utopian land that is antithetical to all the other societies the narrator has lived in. The simplicity of the Houyhnhnms’ society and customs contrasts sharply with the complexity of the human civilization. On the one hand, man is a noble being but also a vicious one. Man is haunted by passions and prone to subjective interpretation of life. Because of this, absolute harmony can never govern a human society.

Persuasive Speech

ALIENS: THEY ARE EXISTING! I am sure that everyone of you have heard about aliens and UFOs. Indeed, we all have heard about the famous case of aliens and UFOs in Roswell, New Mexico. Most people might be interested in the topic of aliens, but I know that the majority of you just think of it as rumours and the existence of them are impossible. Therefore, I am standing here in front all of you to make you change your perspective. I am strongly confident that I have found the evidence of their real existence to convince all of you. You should think that the existence of aliens is not just rumours. I am not talking nonsense because there are reasons why you should believe that their existences are real and not just rumours. First, after doing a lot of research, I have discovered that NASA scientists have found the absolute proof of their existence. Then, the existence of aliens has not just been noticed nowadays, but a long time ago. There is a great evidence of UFOs from past civilizations on earth. Lastly, if you are wondering if they are really exist, why has not God stated about them? For your information, there is also no statement that we are the only living being in this universe. This is why you should believe that their existence is real and not just rumours. TRANSITION: Okay, let’s get started with my first point of evidence about their existence. Some of you might be assuming that I will tell you the illogical proof, but I am here with the proof that makes sense. One of the Astrobiologists of NASA has reported that he has travelled to remote regions in Antarctica, Siberia, and Alaska over the past decade and found a very rare class of meteorites with some possible proof of alien life. Richard Hoover claimed that He found shapes similar to bacteria that are supposed leftovers of bacteria. To confirm, he tested the structures to see if they contained nitrogen. Unlike cells on earth, the mineralized microscopic rock fossils did not, so he decided that they had to be of extraterrestrial origin. The bacteria have been found at the bottom of Mono Lake near California's Yosemite National Park which is rich in arsenic which is usually poisonous to life, which do not have our atmosphere. Other than that, all the story of aliens and UFOs starting to be an issue after the UFO crash incident in Roswell, New Mexico. It all started on June 25, 1947 when a pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing several objects while flying near Mt Rainier, Washington. His descriptions of the objects that flew like geese and moving like saucers that you bounced it across the water and became the term â€Å"Flying Saucers†, and thus the age of the UFO was born. Millions of people  have claimed to see or experience something paranormal and out of the ordinary. Even if most of them can be explained away, that still leaves a lot of unexplainable objects in the sky and unexplainable sightings of other worldly beings. UFO sightings have been reported all over the world, not just the U. S. A. A flying disc was seen by pilots, crew members, and a bunch of other people at the Chicago O'Hare Airport in November, 2006. The whole story was shown on CNN January 6, 2007. The government claims it was not alien aircraft or aliens and nothing of the sort was ever recovered. They have stated it was only a weather balloon. Alternatively, the evidence may exist but we, the public, are simply denied access to it by the big government on earth. But there are reasons why the government keep hiding and denying about the truth of their existence. The government is concerned want to keeps it a secret so as not to disrupt human society, which may be too fragile to risk exposure to the news that aliens exist and are routinely visiting the Earth. Imagine what would happen to the religions, which is a very important aspect of our society on Earth if the existence of aliens is confirmed. Then, they also may have in their possession alien technology, which they want to reverse engineer so as to gain an advance technological edge over rival nations. Besides, government could have incentive to keep alien’s technologies secret to protect the economy which is an important backbone of modern society. TRANSITION: Well, announcement from the government or NASA that aliens really do exist seems to be the proof that we are all waiting for. The fact that it has not come yet is what make people to believe that UFO does not exist. So, I also gathered some evidence from the past civilizations that also believe of aliens’ existence. The great evidence of UFO from past civilizations on earth is the most believable proof I can think of. The aliens and UFO’s stories not only been discovered currently, but they had already been an issues for a long time ago. The pictures of aliens show up in religious paintings and  on old drawings. There are several Renaissance paintings that have UFOs in them. There are also prehistoric drawings that show UFOs and also numerous examples of UFOs and aliens. How could they draw it all if they had never seen the real one? Consequently, these are the proof that cannot be doubted and shown that aliens and UFO are really present since a long time ago. Besides, there are also the aliens’ looking skulls found. The skulls are extremely stretched out, that would mean the brain would be much larger than a normal human's. They are clearly not a human skull because the researcher has been fed a variety illogical explanation as to why this skull has this formation. Now, they are all together at Museum Regional de Ica in Peru. It is not a coincidence, Ancient Egyptians make such large heads in their photos, carvings, and statues because they had really seen the real aliens at their time. Then, about ancient monuments that we would have trouble building today, metals that do not originate on Earth, which is have been found in China, they were completely spherical and well fabricated. So, this also means that they also involved in some of the construction in our earth. TRANSITION: So, I have shown you all the evidence about their existence either from the latest decade where there is the present of technology and also from past civilization on earth. But, I am sure that many of you might be thinking, if they are really exist, why Allah never stated about them in the Al Quran. Here are some points that may stop you from being wondering. The Al-Quran never stated about the existence of aliens, but you must be concerned that Allah also never stated that we are the only living beings in this universe. In some of Surah, there is some implied information about another intelligent existence other than humanity, angels and demons in this universe. And one of the statement in Al-Quran, He created sky and earth, and Dabbah that He spread the two of them. And He has the power to gather all of it whenever He wants. Then, Allah also created seven skies and either earth which is under His rule so that you know as He is too powerful or He knows about the entire thing. Besides, Al-Quran also stated that it is not only our earth that is under His shield, all the existence in earth and sky also needed Him al the time as we did. In the book of Syaikh Muhammad al-Ghazali, he said that our earth not more than a dust in this big and wonderful universe that full of life and living beings. We will be the fool one if we are thinking that we are the only existence in this big place. Allah created a lot of galaxy, so it is possible that our planet not the only one that is full of live. This universe for him is full with living beings that Allah made that shown about His existence and His Almighty. Okay, for now I am confirmed that my explications have given a big impact to your belief. All I can say that the existences of aliens are not only rumours but they are living in this planet with us. I hope that I have convinced you enough that the existences of those aliens are not just rumours but they are real. I think I have sufficiently exposed you the proof of their existence, hoping that you would change your perspective. Like I said previously, I am not talking nonsense without evidence. Once again I insist that you should believe the aliens are existing because NASA scientist had found the absolute proof of their existence. It is not been announced yet because there are some conspiracy from government as they are hiding and keep denying about the aliens’ existence and they did it for reasons. Besides all the evidence from NASA, yet there is a lot of proof that they do exist. I put more effort on historical proof as the great evidence of UFO from past civilizations on Earth shown that their existence had been found long time ago. After all, if you are still wondering why not Allah proves their existence, I reclaim that there is no statement that we are the only living being in this universe in Al Quran either from other Islamic Religion. So, you should believe that the existence of aliens and UFO are not just rumours. Persuasive Speech Anna Rash November 9, 2009 Persuasive Speech Outline Comm Lab 150 Section 10 Mandatory Physical Education General Purpose: To persuade Speech Goal: I want to persuade my classmates that physical education should be mandatory in grades K-12, yet reforms should be made to make it mandatory. Introduction: I. How many times have you thought about wanting to work out to keep up a â€Å"fit and healthy† lifestyle, but did not know the criteria for a certain workout or even how much you should be doing during a week?Making physical education in grades kindergarten through 12th grade will help teach you these lifelong skills. II. Physical education should be mandatory in grades K-12 for the following three reasons: A. Learning how to live a healthy lifestyle B. Avoiding obesity C. Decreasing depression and anxiety Body: I. Children need to learn how to live a healthy lifestyle. A. According to Jessica Barron from an article on Associated Content, â€Å"Physical education is necessary in schools to effectively teach children how to manage their lives in a healthy way.Children are less likely to care about their health if they are not told why health is important than children who are educated about nutrition and exercise. † B. While physical education needs to educate students in the classroom about how to eat better and maintain a healthy lifestyle, they also need to learn how sports can be enjoyable. According to an article written by Jessica Barron on Associated Content, most children do not know that sports can be fun and enjoyable if they are not made to at least try them. Without physical education, these children will never be trying any sports.Sometimes they even miss finding a hidden talent. C. According to the American Heart Association, elementary students should be required to have at least 150 minutes per week, while middle school students should be required to have at least 225 minutes per week, and high school students have to complete a phy sical education requirement prior to graduation. D. If learning how to live a healthy lifestyle is engrained into your memory, you are more likely to continue doing it when you graduate high school and attend college, which is something we can all find relative.Transition: Along with learning how to live a healthier lifestyle, the risk of obesity as a teenager and adult can be avoided with a better lifestyle. II. Obesity is a continuing problem among children. When children do not learn how to take care of their bodies, it can follow them into their adult life, which increases health risks majorly. A. Nearly 10 million children ages 6-19 are considered overweight. (American Heart Association). B. â€Å"In 1971 only 4% of overweight adolescents made up the population. That number has nearly quadrupled into 17% in 2003† (American Heart Association).C. Physical education needs to begin early and continue all throughout high school (K-12) because nearly two-thirds of Americans ar e overweight, and one in five four year olds are already obese according to The USA Today. D. Obesity can cause increased risk in certain health issues, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, and osteoarthritis, cited from the WebMD. Transition: By making physical education mandatory, obesity can be avoided along with decreasing depression and anxiety, which will ultimately help weight as well. III.Physical education can help maintain a positive attitude and decrease depression. This is crucial during teenage years because you are transitioning through different stages and friendships. A. After conducting an experiment in young females, psychologists found that after 5 50-minute light jogging/exercise programs for 8 weeks, depressive states significantly decreased compared to young females who just did daily activities (European Public Health Association). B. â€Å"One recent study found that a good workout could boost your level of serotonin, a bra in chemical that is linked to mood,† according to Kate Lee, a consumer health activist.C. Increasing this serotonin is exactly what children need in their lives to decrease signs of depression. D. According to the American Psychological Association, suicide, which is mainly caused by depression, is the third highest death rate among teenagers. Physical exercise being made mandatory in schools can help prevent this. E. This statistic should be widely remembered when certain lobbyists begin advocating against physical education because schools cannot fund it, or because physical education is not in the standard â€Å"academic curriculum. Transition: If physical exercise and education is something that can fight against depression, then why should schools be cutting it out of their curriculums and adding in harder academic classes where the students are concentrating for eight straight hours a day? Conclusion: I. After the points I have given, you should be able to see why physi cal education must be mandatory in our school systems for grades kindergarten through 12th grade. II. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and exercising is key to a happier life and mood day to day.Decreasing anxiety will make you feel better overall, therefore keeping your weight at a healthy level. III. Physical education and proper exercise can do no harm, therefore why should it not be in school systems all over the country? Barron, Jessica. â€Å"Physical Education in Schools. † Associated Content (2006): 1-3. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Day Care next frontier in fighting childhood obesity. † USA Today 13 Oct 2009: n. pag. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . Lee, Kate. â€Å"Can exercise really improve my mood?. † Healthy Me (2009): n. pag. Web. 1 Nov 2009. . Nabkasorn, Channuda, Nobuyuki Miyai, Anek Sootmongkoi, Suwanna Junpraset, and Hiroichi Yamamoto. Effects of physical depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive s ymptoms. † European Public Health Association 16. 2 (2005): 179-184. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Physical Education in Schools. † American Heart Association. 2009. American Heart Association, Web. 28 Oct 2009. . â€Å"Teen and Young Adult Suicide: A National Health Crisis. † American Psychological Association (2001): n. pag. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Weight Loss: health risks associated with obesity. † Web MD. 05 May 2009. WebMD, Web. 3 Nov 2009. . Persuasive Speech Persuasive Speech Anna Rash November 9, 2009 Persuasive Speech Outline Comm Lab 150 Section 10 Mandatory Physical Education General Purpose: To persuade Speech Goal: I want to persuade my classmates that physical education should be mandatory in grades K-12, yet reforms should be made to make it mandatory. Introduction: I. How many times have you thought about wanting to work out to keep up a â€Å"fit and healthy† lifestyle, but did not know the criteria for a certain workout or even how much you should be doing during a week?Making physical education in grades kindergarten through 12th grade will help teach you these lifelong skills. II. Physical education should be mandatory in grades K-12 for the following three reasons: A. Learning how to live a healthy lifestyle B. Avoiding obesity C. Decreasing depression and anxiety Body: I. Children need to learn how to live a healthy lifestyle. A. According to Jessica Barron from an article on Associated Content, â€Å"Physical education is necessary in schools to effectively teach children how to manage their lives in a healthy way.Children are less likely to care about their health if they are not told why health is important than children who are educated about nutrition and exercise. † B. While physical education needs to educate students in the classroom about how to eat better and maintain a healthy lifestyle, they also need to learn how sports can be enjoyable. According to an article written by Jessica Barron on Associated Content, most children do not know that sports can be fun and enjoyable if they are not made to at least try them. Without physical education, these children will never be trying any sports.Sometimes they even miss finding a hidden talent. C. According to the American Heart Association, elementary students should be required to have at least 150 minutes per week, while middle school students should be required to have at least 225 minutes per week, and high school students have to complete a phy sical education requirement prior to graduation. D. If learning how to live a healthy lifestyle is engrained into your memory, you are more likely to continue doing it when you graduate high school and attend college, which is something we can all find relative.Transition: Along with learning how to live a healthier lifestyle, the risk of obesity as a teenager and adult can be avoided with a better lifestyle. II. Obesity is a continuing problem among children. When children do not learn how to take care of their bodies, it can follow them into their adult life, which increases health risks majorly. A. Nearly 10 million children ages 6-19 are considered overweight. (American Heart Association). B. â€Å"In 1971 only 4% of overweight adolescents made up the population. That number has nearly quadrupled into 17% in 2003† (American Heart Association).C. Physical education needs to begin early and continue all throughout high school (K-12) because nearly two-thirds of Americans ar e overweight, and one in five four year olds are already obese according to The USA Today. D. Obesity can cause increased risk in certain health issues, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, and osteoarthritis, cited from the WebMD. Transition: By making physical education mandatory, obesity can be avoided along with decreasing depression and anxiety, which will ultimately help weight as well. III.Physical education can help maintain a positive attitude and decrease depression. This is crucial during teenage years because you are transitioning through different stages and friendships. A. After conducting an experiment in young females, psychologists found that after 5 50-minute light jogging/exercise programs for 8 weeks, depressive states significantly decreased compared to young females who just did daily activities (European Public Health Association). B. â€Å"One recent study found that a good workout could boost your level of serotonin, a bra in chemical that is linked to mood,† according to Kate Lee, a consumer health activist.C. Increasing this serotonin is exactly what children need in their lives to decrease signs of depression. D. According to the American Psychological Association, suicide, which is mainly caused by depression, is the third highest death rate among teenagers. Physical exercise being made mandatory in schools can help prevent this. E. This statistic should be widely remembered when certain lobbyists begin advocating against physical education because schools cannot fund it, or because physical education is not in the standard â€Å"academic curriculum. Transition: If physical exercise and education is something that can fight against depression, then why should schools be cutting it out of their curriculums and adding in harder academic classes where the students are concentrating for eight straight hours a day? Conclusion: I. After the points I have given, you should be able to see why physi cal education must be mandatory in our school systems for grades kindergarten through 12th grade. II. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and exercising is key to a happier life and mood day to day.Decreasing anxiety will make you feel better overall, therefore keeping your weight at a healthy level. III. Physical education and proper exercise can do no harm, therefore why should it not be in school systems all over the country? Barron, Jessica. â€Å"Physical Education in Schools. † Associated Content (2006): 1-3. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Day Care next frontier in fighting childhood obesity. † USA Today 13 Oct 2009: n. pag. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . Lee, Kate. â€Å"Can exercise really improve my mood?. † Healthy Me (2009): n. pag. Web. 1 Nov 2009. . Nabkasorn, Channuda, Nobuyuki Miyai, Anek Sootmongkoi, Suwanna Junpraset, and Hiroichi Yamamoto. Effects of physical depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive s ymptoms. † European Public Health Association 16. 2 (2005): 179-184. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Physical Education in Schools. † American Heart Association. 2009. American Heart Association, Web. 28 Oct 2009. . â€Å"Teen and Young Adult Suicide: A National Health Crisis. † American Psychological Association (2001): n. pag. Web. 3 Nov 2009. . â€Å"Weight Loss: health risks associated with obesity. † Web MD. 05 May 2009. WebMD, Web. 3 Nov 2009. . Persuasive Speech ALIENS: THEY ARE EXISTING! I am sure that everyone of you have heard about aliens and UFOs. Indeed, we all have heard about the famous case of aliens and UFOs in Roswell, New Mexico. Most people might be interested in the topic of aliens, but I know that the majority of you just think of it as rumours and the existence of them are impossible. Therefore, I am standing here in front all of you to make you change your perspective. I am strongly confident that I have found the evidence of their real existence to convince all of you. You should think that the existence of aliens is not just rumours. I am not talking nonsense because there are reasons why you should believe that their existences are real and not just rumours. First, after doing a lot of research, I have discovered that NASA scientists have found the absolute proof of their existence. Then, the existence of aliens has not just been noticed nowadays, but a long time ago. There is a great evidence of UFOs from past civilizations on earth. Lastly, if you are wondering if they are really exist, why has not God stated about them? For your information, there is also no statement that we are the only living being in this universe. This is why you should believe that their existence is real and not just rumours. TRANSITION: Okay, let’s get started with my first point of evidence about their existence. Some of you might be assuming that I will tell you the illogical proof, but I am here with the proof that makes sense. One of the Astrobiologists of NASA has reported that he has travelled to remote regions in Antarctica, Siberia, and Alaska over the past decade and found a very rare class of meteorites with some possible proof of alien life. Richard Hoover claimed that He found shapes similar to bacteria that are supposed leftovers of bacteria. To confirm, he tested the structures to see if they contained nitrogen. Unlike cells on earth, the mineralized microscopic rock fossils did not, so he decided that they had to be of extraterrestrial origin. The bacteria have been found at the bottom of Mono Lake near California's Yosemite National Park which is rich in arsenic which is usually poisonous to life, which do not have our atmosphere. Other than that, all the story of aliens and UFOs starting to be an issue after the UFO crash incident in Roswell, New Mexico. It all started on June 25, 1947 when a pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing several objects while flying near Mt Rainier, Washington. His descriptions of the objects that flew like geese and moving like saucers that you bounced it across the water and became the term â€Å"Flying Saucers†, and thus the age of the UFO was born. Millions of people  have claimed to see or experience something paranormal and out of the ordinary. Even if most of them can be explained away, that still leaves a lot of unexplainable objects in the sky and unexplainable sightings of other worldly beings. UFO sightings have been reported all over the world, not just the U. S. A. A flying disc was seen by pilots, crew members, and a bunch of other people at the Chicago O'Hare Airport in November, 2006. The whole story was shown on CNN January 6, 2007. The government claims it was not alien aircraft or aliens and nothing of the sort was ever recovered. They have stated it was only a weather balloon. Alternatively, the evidence may exist but we, the public, are simply denied access to it by the big government on earth. But there are reasons why the government keep hiding and denying about the truth of their existence. The government is concerned want to keeps it a secret so as not to disrupt human society, which may be too fragile to risk exposure to the news that aliens exist and are routinely visiting the Earth. Imagine what would happen to the religions, which is a very important aspect of our society on Earth if the existence of aliens is confirmed. Then, they also may have in their possession alien technology, which they want to reverse engineer so as to gain an advance technological edge over rival nations. Besides, government could have incentive to keep alien’s technologies secret to protect the economy which is an important backbone of modern society. TRANSITION: Well, announcement from the government or NASA that aliens really do exist seems to be the proof that we are all waiting for. The fact that it has not come yet is what make people to believe that UFO does not exist. So, I also gathered some evidence from the past civilizations that also believe of aliens’ existence. The great evidence of UFO from past civilizations on earth is the most believable proof I can think of. The aliens and UFO’s stories not only been discovered currently, but they had already been an issues for a long time ago. The pictures of aliens show up in religious paintings and  on old drawings. There are several Renaissance paintings that have UFOs in them. There are also prehistoric drawings that show UFOs and also numerous examples of UFOs and aliens. How could they draw it all if they had never seen the real one? Consequently, these are the proof that cannot be doubted and shown that aliens and UFO are really present since a long time ago. Besides, there are also the aliens’ looking skulls found. The skulls are extremely stretched out, that would mean the brain would be much larger than a normal human's. They are clearly not a human skull because the researcher has been fed a variety illogical explanation as to why this skull has this formation. Now, they are all together at Museum Regional de Ica in Peru. It is not a coincidence, Ancient Egyptians make such large heads in their photos, carvings, and statues because they had really seen the real aliens at their time. Then, about ancient monuments that we would have trouble building today, metals that do not originate on Earth, which is have been found in China, they were completely spherical and well fabricated. So, this also means that they also involved in some of the construction in our earth. TRANSITION: So, I have shown you all the evidence about their existence either from the latest decade where there is the present of technology and also from past civilization on earth. But, I am sure that many of you might be thinking, if they are really exist, why Allah never stated about them in the Al Quran. Here are some points that may stop you from being wondering. The Al-Quran never stated about the existence of aliens, but you must be concerned that Allah also never stated that we are the only living beings in this universe. In some of Surah, there is some implied information about another intelligent existence other than humanity, angels and demons in this universe. And one of the statement in Al-Quran, He created sky and earth, and Dabbah that He spread the two of them. And He has the power to gather all of it whenever He wants. Then, Allah also created seven skies and either earth which is under His rule so that you know as He is too powerful or He knows about the entire thing. Besides, Al-Quran also stated that it is not only our earth that is under His shield, all the existence in earth and sky also needed Him al the time as we did. In the book of Syaikh Muhammad al-Ghazali, he said that our earth not more than a dust in this big and wonderful universe that full of life and living beings. We will be the fool one if we are thinking that we are the only existence in this big place. Allah created a lot of galaxy, so it is possible that our planet not the only one that is full of live. This universe for him is full with living beings that Allah made that shown about His existence and His Almighty. Okay, for now I am confirmed that my explications have given a big impact to your belief. All I can say that the existences of aliens are not only rumours but they are living in this planet with us. I hope that I have convinced you enough that the existences of those aliens are not just rumours but they are real. I think I have sufficiently exposed you the proof of their existence, hoping that you would change your perspective. Like I said previously, I am not talking nonsense without evidence. Once again I insist that you should believe the aliens are existing because NASA scientist had found the absolute proof of their existence. It is not been announced yet because there are some conspiracy from government as they are hiding and keep denying about the aliens’ existence and they did it for reasons. Besides all the evidence from NASA, yet there is a lot of proof that they do exist. I put more effort on historical proof as the great evidence of UFO from past civilizations on Earth shown that their existence had been found long time ago. After all, if you are still wondering why not Allah proves their existence, I reclaim that there is no statement that we are the only living being in this universe in Al Quran either from other Islamic Religion. So, you should believe that the existence of aliens and UFO are not just rumours. Persuasive Speech ALIENS: THEY ARE EXISTING! I am sure that everyone of you have heard about aliens and UFOs. Indeed, we all have heard about the famous case of aliens and UFOs in Roswell, New Mexico. Most people might be interested in the topic of aliens, but I know that the majority of you just think of it as rumours and the existence of them are impossible. Therefore, I am standing here in front all of you to make you change your perspective. I am strongly confident that I have found the evidence of their real existence to convince all of you. You should think that the existence of aliens is not just rumours. I am not talking nonsense because there are reasons why you should believe that their existences are real and not just rumours. First, after doing a lot of research, I have discovered that NASA scientists have found the absolute proof of their existence. Then, the existence of aliens has not just been noticed nowadays, but a long time ago. There is a great evidence of UFOs from past civilizations on earth. Lastly, if you are wondering if they are really exist, why has not God stated about them? For your information, there is also no statement that we are the only living being in this universe. This is why you should believe that their existence is real and not just rumours. TRANSITION: Okay, let’s get started with my first point of evidence about their existence. Some of you might be assuming that I will tell you the illogical proof, but I am here with the proof that makes sense. One of the Astrobiologists of NASA has reported that he has travelled to remote regions in Antarctica, Siberia, and Alaska over the past decade and found a very rare class of meteorites with some possible proof of alien life. Richard Hoover claimed that He found shapes similar to bacteria that are supposed leftovers of bacteria. To confirm, he tested the structures to see if they contained nitrogen. Unlike cells on earth, the mineralized microscopic rock fossils did not, so he decided that they had to be of extraterrestrial origin. The bacteria have been found at the bottom of Mono Lake near California's Yosemite National Park which is rich in arsenic which is usually poisonous to life, which do not have our atmosphere. Other than that, all the story of aliens and UFOs starting to be an issue after the UFO crash incident in Roswell, New Mexico. It all started on June 25, 1947 when a pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing several objects while flying near Mt Rainier, Washington. His descriptions of the objects that flew like geese and moving like saucers that you bounced it across the water and became the term â€Å"Flying Saucers†, and thus the age of the UFO was born. Millions of people  have claimed to see or experience something paranormal and out of the ordinary. Even if most of them can be explained away, that still leaves a lot of unexplainable objects in the sky and unexplainable sightings of other worldly beings. UFO sightings have been reported all over the world, not just the U. S. A. A flying disc was seen by pilots, crew members, and a bunch of other people at the Chicago O'Hare Airport in November, 2006. The whole story was shown on CNN January 6, 2007. The government claims it was not alien aircraft or aliens and nothing of the sort was ever recovered. They have stated it was only a weather balloon. Alternatively, the evidence may exist but we, the public, are simply denied access to it by the big government on earth. But there are reasons why the government keep hiding and denying about the truth of their existence. The government is concerned want to keeps it a secret so as not to disrupt human society, which may be too fragile to risk exposure to the news that aliens exist and are routinely visiting the Earth. Imagine what would happen to the religions, which is a very important aspect of our society on Earth if the existence of aliens is confirmed. Then, they also may have in their possession alien technology, which they want to reverse engineer so as to gain an advance technological edge over rival nations. Besides, government could have incentive to keep alien’s technologies secret to protect the economy which is an important backbone of modern society. TRANSITION: Well, announcement from the government or NASA that aliens really do exist seems to be the proof that we are all waiting for. The fact that it has not come yet is what make people to believe that UFO does not exist. So, I also gathered some evidence from the past civilizations that also believe of aliens’ existence. The great evidence of UFO from past civilizations on earth is the most believable proof I can think of. The aliens and UFO’s stories not only been discovered currently, but they had already been an issues for a long time ago. The pictures of aliens show up in religious paintings and  on old drawings. There are several Renaissance paintings that have UFOs in them. There are also prehistoric drawings that show UFOs and also numerous examples of UFOs and aliens. How could they draw it all if they had never seen the real one? Consequently, these are the proof that cannot be doubted and shown that aliens and UFO are really present since a long time ago. Besides, there are also the aliens’ looking skulls found. The skulls are extremely stretched out, that would mean the brain would be much larger than a normal human's. They are clearly not a human skull because the researcher has been fed a variety illogical explanation as to why this skull has this formation. Now, they are all together at Museum Regional de Ica in Peru. It is not a coincidence, Ancient Egyptians make such large heads in their photos, carvings, and statues because they had really seen the real aliens at their time. Then, about ancient monuments that we would have trouble building today, metals that do not originate on Earth, which is have been found in China, they were completely spherical and well fabricated. So, this also means that they also involved in some of the construction in our earth. TRANSITION: So, I have shown you all the evidence about their existence either from the latest decade where there is the present of technology and also from past civilization on earth. But, I am sure that many of you might be thinking, if they are really exist, why Allah never stated about them in the Al Quran. Here are some points that may stop you from being wondering. The Al-Quran never stated about the existence of aliens, but you must be concerned that Allah also never stated that we are the only living beings in this universe. In some of Surah, there is some implied information about another intelligent existence other than humanity, angels and demons in this universe. And one of the statement in Al-Quran, He created sky and earth, and Dabbah that He spread the two of them. And He has the power to gather all of it whenever He wants. Then, Allah also created seven skies and either earth which is under His rule so that you know as He is too powerful or He knows about the entire thing. Besides, Al-Quran also stated that it is not only our earth that is under His shield, all the existence in earth and sky also needed Him al the time as we did. In the book of Syaikh Muhammad al-Ghazali, he said that our earth not more than a dust in this big and wonderful universe that full of life and living beings. We will be the fool one if we are thinking that we are the only existence in this big place. Allah created a lot of galaxy, so it is possible that our planet not the only one that is full of live. This universe for him is full with living beings that Allah made that shown about His existence and His Almighty. Okay, for now I am confirmed that my explications have given a big impact to your belief. All I can say that the existences of aliens are not only rumours but they are living in this planet with us. I hope that I have convinced you enough that the existences of those aliens are not just rumours but they are real. I think I have sufficiently exposed you the proof of their existence, hoping that you would change your perspective. Like I said previously, I am not talking nonsense without evidence. Once again I insist that you should believe the aliens are existing because NASA scientist had found the absolute proof of their existence. It is not been announced yet because there are some conspiracy from government as they are hiding and keep denying about the aliens’ existence and they did it for reasons. Besides all the evidence from NASA, yet there is a lot of proof that they do exist. I put more effort on historical proof as the great evidence of UFO from past civilizations on Earth shown that their existence had been found long time ago. After all, if you are still wondering why not Allah proves their existence, I reclaim that there is no statement that we are the only living being in this universe in Al Quran either from other Islamic Religion. So, you should believe that the existence of aliens and UFO are not just rumours. Persuasive Speech