Death in Venice Essay: Love for Tadzio or Venice? -- Death in Venice E

Aschenbach In love with Tadzio, or Venice?   Thomas Manns Death in Venice presents an artist with a fascination for beauty that overpowers all of his senses. Aschenbachs attraction to Tadzio can be viewed as a symbol for his love for the city of Venice. The city, however, is also filled with corruption, and it is this corruptive part that kills him.   Aschenbach first exhibits his love for Venice when he feels that he must go to one of the gay worlds playgrounds in the lovely siemens(6). The south, to him, means something new and exciting. He has lived a structured life in Germany, filled with order and precision. He feels the need to move, to experience new and different aspects of life since for Aschenbach, there is no doubt that the south will bring him the fulfillment of his wish for self-release(Jonas 35). Upon his arrival, Aschenbach immediately drinks in the fabulous beauty of the city. He notices a distinct difference between this foreign flat coat and his homelan d, for Venice is filled with antiquity and classical beauty. Aschenbachs love for the city is already app... ...captivated by it. He is so enthralled, that he does not realize the problems with the Italian city. Whether Mann is actually fight Venice or Italy for the corruption of its beauty is a possibility, but not very important here. What is most important is to realize that Mann is discussing an infatuation with beauty in general, not an infatuation with a boy. Aschenbach does not die because of Tadzio, he dies because of what the boy represents. The novella is titled so for a reason it is a Death in Venice, or rather a Death Because of Venice.  

Sigmund Freud Essay -- Biographies Biography Freud Psychologist Essays

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856. He was born in a small, predominantly Roman Catholic townspeople called Freiburg, in Movaria- now known as Czechoslovakia. He was born the son of Jacob Freud, a Jewish wool merchant, and his tierce wife, Amalia.Jacob Freud and Amalia Nathanson were married in 1855. Freud was born of a singular and bizarre marriage. In contrast to his mothers youth, twenty years of age, his come was middle-aged at forty years of age, and had two sons from a previous marriage, both of whom were older than his new wife. In fact, Phillip, the older of the two was himself a father of two children, conjuring trick and Pauline, when Freud was born. Freud was born an uncle, but he was in fact a year younger than his nephew John, and just slightly younger than his niece Pauline, both of who were playmates of his childhood. This was to be Amalias prototypic child, her darling, Sigmund.When Freud was born in 1856, Jacob and Amalia Freud were hopelessly poor . They occupied a single rented room in a humble house. Jacob and Amalia were Jewish however, the Catholic Church dominated the town of Freiburg. Aside from the church, the only attractions were a handsome market square and inviting surroundings that featured stretches of fertile farmland, dense woods, and gentle hills. At the time of Freuds birth, the town had over 4,500 inhabitants, with only about 130 of them being Jewish. Similarly, at this time, to be Jewish meant to be a member of a highly visible and suppress minority.Before Freud was even two years old, in 1857, Amalia was pregnant with another child. Because his family assemblage was so unusual, to him, his mother seemed far better matched with his half-brother than his father, yet it was his father that shared his mothers bed. Freud somehow came to believe that his half-brother Philipp had taken his fathers place as a competitor for his mothers affection. He found these things to be very perplexing. His mind consisted of these things his mother pregnant with a rival, his half-brother in some mysterious way his mothers companion, and his benign father old enough to be his grandfather. This possibly led to his preoccupation with sexual matters. Incidentally, Freuds new rival, Anna Freud, was born in 1885.Then, in 1859, perhaps due to the decline of the textile market coupled with an increase with ... ...he could not realize it might not be common to others. The immaturity if his ideas on the traffic of men and women are astonishing, for nowhere in his writings is it possible to deduce he was aware of the passion, tenderness, poetry and beauty of love- nor all the shades of regard, affection and knowledge which are not sexually motivated. Additionally, his idea that in dreams the incidents of childhood are relived again in the present also point to some ingrained characteristics of immaturity. Freuds emotional attitudes in adulthood continued true to his childhood conditioning they never changed.Fr eud read himself into every aspect of his clinical practice. His case histories and psychological speculations bear on upon himself. He was his own favorite patient. Freuds confidence was often based on his capacity for self-hypnosis which tricked him into believing his thoughts were extremely brilliant, had occurred to no other before and staggeringly enriched the worlds knowledge. Any opposition was a cruel departure from the adulation, which eventually became an indispensable need of his nature. In truth, all of psychoanalysis applied to Freud alone, and to no other.

Beowulf: A Courageous and Strong Hero :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf A Courageous and Strong HeroAn larger-than-life is a long narrative poetry on a serious subject. It usually is aboutthe adventures of a grinder. The hero is usually a figure of high social statusand one who is often of great historic or legendary importance. In the epicpoem Beowulf, Beowulf is the hero. He submits that he is a great man byalways putting other things in the beginning his own needs. He is important and neededby his people and is known by many as a courageous and helpful person.Beowulf is a hefty example of a courageous and strong hero. He shows all ofthe qualities and traits that a true hero possesses.Beowulf is a very brave and courageous person. His actions toward themonster Grendel that was terrorizing the Danes show that he is willing to helpothers. In an epic it is usually found that the hero often determines thefate of a nation or group of people. Beowulf has unquestionably helped the Danesand his own people the Geats in their triumph all over evil by killing Grendel hismom and the tophus. He has helped mankind a great deal and because of that heis made king of the Geats. Beowulfs brave deeds and accomplishments havecontributed to the Danes and the Geats survival.Another characteristic of and epic poem is that the hero performs outrageousand sometimes superhuman deeds. Beowulf is a prime example of this type ofhero. He volunteers himself to promote Grendel and when Grendels mom seeksrevenge he goes to the lake and takes on the challenge. He shows the greatqualities of strength and power when, later fifty years, he takes on thedragon who has shape a threat to the Geats. He always battles his enemieswith pride. When Beowulf and wiglaf fight the dragon and everyone elsebecomes cowardly and runs off to the forest and hides. through this it isshown that they possess courageous traits and ar genuinely flying and willingto help.Often in an epic poem, the plot is complicated by supernatural beings andevents. Good examples of this are when Beowulf fights Grendel. Grendel is amonster and there is no such thing as a monster. The same goes for thedragon. Throughout history there has never been a dragon that gets mad that athief has taken destiny of his treasure. Also when Beowulf is dying he asksBeowulf A Courageous and Strong Hero Epic of Beowulf EssayBeowulf A Courageous and Strong HeroAn epic is a long narrative poem on a serious subject. It usually is aboutthe adventures of a hero. The hero is usually a figure of high social statusand one who is often of great historical or legendary importance. In the epicpoem Beowulf, Beowulf is the hero. He shows that he is a great man byalways putting other things before his own needs. He is important and neededby his people and is known by many as a courageous and helpful person.Beowulf is a good example of a courageous and strong hero. He shows all ofthe qualities and traits that a true hero possesses.Beowulf is a very brave and cou rageous person. His actions toward themonster Grendel that was terrorizing the Danes show that he is willing to helpothers. In an epic it is usually found that the hero often determines thefate of a nation or group of people. Beowulf has definitely helped the Danesand his own people the Geats in their triumph over evil by killing Grendel hismom and the dragon. He has helped mankind a great deal and because of that heis made king of the Geats. Beowulfs brave deeds and accomplishments havecontributed to the Danes and the Geats survival.Another characteristic of and epic poem is that the hero performs outrageousand sometimes superhuman deeds. Beowulf is a prime example of this type ofhero. He volunteers himself to fight Grendel and when Grendels mom seeksrevenge he goes to the lake and takes on the challenge. He shows the greatqualities of strength and power when, after fifty years, he takes on thedragon who has become a threat to the Geats. He always battles his enemieswith p ride. When Beowulf and wiglaf fight the dragon and everyone elsebecomes cowardly and runs off to the forest and hides. Through this it isshown that they possess courageous traits and are genuinely ready and willingto help.Often in an epic poem, the plot is complicated by supernatural beings andevents. Good examples of this are when Beowulf fights Grendel. Grendel is amonster and there is no such thing as a monster. The same goes for thedragon. Throughout history there has never been a dragon that gets mad that athief has taken part of his treasure. Also when Beowulf is dying he asks

World History: How Can a Discipline Remain Relevant? Essay -- World Hi

Historians are a contentious lot. While their arguments are usually conducted in polite language, the disputations are conducted on a number of fronts at once, and the close in of mind of the disputants ranges from a sporting pleasure with making point after point to a savage decisiveness to win the day. Although a sense of negativity creeps into this notion of Mannings, a strengthening of humankind memorial can also emerge from this back and out debate. knowledge domain history will wipe out shape as scholars push each other to clarify and defend ideas, while remaining skeptical and slender readers. This debate is key to avoiding either a stagnation of ideas or a dilution of possible new insights. As Manning asserts, The exciting debates and the real advances in knowledge catch when multiple scholars are working on related topics, testing their assumptions, data, and interpretations against each others. As world history moves forward, as a check out, histori ans would do easy to keep this in mind. In rundown to internal debate, a need to defend world history as a discipline is still necessary. A significant amount of work was make on defining and defending world history in the early to mid 1990s. Any cursory compute at the Journal of World fib during this time period highlights this fact. In addition if you look to the May 1995 issue of recital and Theory you see a thematic take on world history. As a result of this scholarship the discipline of world history gained momentum in academia, especially at the teaching level. Despite this trend, world history still finds itself defending its ideas. World history has yet to gain support from the elite universities and those that wish to pursue a PhD in world history perk up limi... ...r than a series of airtight specialist monographs. Only by engaging in the debate within and from extracurricular of world history will the discipline continue to be relevant on both an academic and popular stage.Works CitedDuchesne, Ricardo. Asia First?. The Journal of the diachronic Society 6, no. 1 (March 2006) 69-91.Frank, Andre Gunder. reorientate world-wide Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley University of California Press, 1998.Hobson, John. Explaining the Rise of the West A Reply to Ricardo Duchesne. The Journal of the historical Society 6, no. 4 (December 2006) 579-599.Landes, David. The riches and Poverty of Nations Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York WW Norton and Company, 1999.Manning, Patrick. Navigating World History Historian Create a Global Past New York Palgrave/MacMillan, 2003. World History How Can a Discipline Remain Relevant? Essay -- World Hi Historians are a contentious lot. While their arguments are usually conducted in polite language, the disputations are conducted on a number of fronts at once, and the frame of mind of the disputants ranges from a sporting pleasure with making poi nt after point to a savage determination to win the day. Although a sense of negativity creeps into this notion of Mannings, a strengthening of world history can also emerge from this back and forth debate. World history will take shape as scholars push each other to clarify and defend ideas, while remaining skeptical and critical readers. This debate is key to avoiding either a stagnation of ideas or a dilution of possible new insights. As Manning asserts, The exciting debates and the real advances in knowledge come when multiple scholars are working on related topics, testing their assumptions, data, and interpretations against each others. As world history moves forward, as a discipline, historians would do well to keep this in mind. In addition to internal debate, a need to defend world history as a discipline is still necessary. A significant amount of work was done on defining and defending world history in the early to mid 1990s. Any cursory look at the Journal of World History during this time period highlights this fact. In addition if you look to the May 1995 issue of History and Theory you see a thematic take on world history. As a result of this scholarship the discipline of world history gained momentum in academia, especially at the teaching level. Despite this trend, world history still finds itself defending its ideas. World history has yet to gain support from the elite universities and those that wish to pursue a PhD in world history have limi... ...r than a series of airtight specialist monographs. Only by engaging in the debate within and from outside of world history will the discipline continue to be relevant on both an academic and popular stage.Works CitedDuchesne, Ricardo. Asia First?. The Journal of the Historical Society 6, no. 1 (March 2006) 69-91.Frank, Andre Gunder. ReOrient Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley University of California Press, 1998.Hobson, John. Explaining the Rise of the West A Reply to Ricardo Duchesne. The Journal of the Historical Society 6, no. 4 (December 2006) 579-599.Landes, David. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York WW Norton and Company, 1999.Manning, Patrick. Navigating World History Historian Create a Global Past New York Palgrave/MacMillan, 2003.

The Integral Humanism of Mahatma Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Gan

The Integral Humanism of MahatmaABSTRACT Humanism as a theistic, pragmatic theory was first conceived around 2000 BCE in India. It is a this- populacely, human race-centered, secular philosophical outlook. Gandhi understands religion as connoting the individuals integrity and societys solidarity. Free-will for him is freedom of the rational self. Morality is not a amour of outward conformity, but of inward fulfillment. His integral humanism is indicated by his enumerated seven social sins (1) politics without principles (2) wealth without work (3) commerce without morality (4) knowledge without extension (5) pleasure without conscience (6) science without morality and (7) worship without sacrifice. The eleven vows recited in his rama prayer began with Truth and Non-Violence as foundational for the integration of moral, social, political and economic values. Non-Violence should be a creed rather than a policy. Gandhis Truth meant freedom of self-actualization for societal developme nt. He fulfilled these two principal themes of humanism in the civic wreak of religion and religious tolerance which aimed at evolving moral individuals in moral societies. The twenty-first coulomb should bring a synthesis of science and spirituality, socialism with human rights, social-change with nonviolence. And this is Gandhi. The Origin of HumanismHumanism as a philosophical and literary movement originated in Italy in the Second half of the 14th Century and mild all over Europe. As an atheistic theory it was conceived in 17th century by French philosopher but as a theistic-pragmatic theory it was conceived indirectly around 200 B.C. at the time of Vedas and Upanisads in India. The Prayer Sarvatra Sukhinah Santu Sarve San... ...ayer, and the cooperation he received from the people of all faiths, confirm his genuine tolerance. Gandhis religion was not finalize sectarian. He did not want his house to be walled in on all sides and windows to be stuffed. He wanted the cultures of all lands to be blown approximately his house as freely as possible. ConclusionAs a humanist, Gandhi worshipped God through the service of man and looked upon all human beings as but the manifestations of God Himself. His humanism meant his utter devotion to the human interest. The nineteenth Century was marked by Industrial Revolution, the twentieth century was a century of nuclear holocaust and environmental degradation, the Twenty-first should bring a synthesis of Science and spirituality, Socialism with human rights, Social change with non-violence national sovereignty with world citizenship. And this is Gandhi.

Development of Attachment Essay -- Psychology

It has been shown that the relationships infants develop early on in life have lasting effects on their identity and behavior. capacious research has indicated that the relationship between an infant and its c begivers is particularly important.All children are different, and in order to have a healthy relationship with your child, you should adapt your parenting methods to equalize his specific needs. All children differin fundamental ways, two of the most comprehensive being their temperaments and attachment styles.A childs temperament is the way in which he reacts to the world, new situations, people, and experiences. Attachment is an infants enduring emotional bond to his parentsor primary caregivers. Both of these factors affect children not only in infancy, but throughout their lives. Temperament has been shown to be a consistent aspect of apersons behavior over time, and their style of attachment to their primary caregiver a lot shapes the quality of platonic and romantic r elationships with others as they age. A childs temperament can affect his parents reactions and feelings toward him, and subsequently his attachment style.Infants are put into three defined categories of temperament easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Easy babies adjust readily to new experiences and are generally happy and easy to calm. embarrassing babies are easily upset, have intense negative emotional reactions, and have irregular bodily functions. Slow to warm up babies react to new stimuli as difficult babies would initially, but with repeated exposure will react more like easy babies.Easy babies often engender positive reactions and feelings from their parents, which helps produce a secure attachment relationship between the paren... ...t them independently. This not only sets him up for immediate success in school or whatever he is guidance on, but also in the future when dealing with college or work. He will be more motivated to complete his work to the best ofhis co mpetency and to work past any barriers or conflicts that arise.Works CitedAllard, Lindsey T., and Amy Hunter. Understanding Temperament in Infants and Toddlers.Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning. Vanderbilt University, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. .Davis, Jeanie L. 10 Commandments of Good Parenting.WebMD. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. .Siegler, Robret, Judy DeLoache, and Nancy Eisenberg.How Children Develop. 3rd ed. New York Worth Publishers, 2011. 425-98. Print.

Development of Attachment Essay -- Psychology

It has been shown that the relationships infants develop early on in life have lasting effects on their identity and behavior. grand research has indicated that the relationship between an infant and its c atomic number 18givers is particularly important.All children are different, and in order to have a healthy relationship with your child, you should adapt your parenting methods to control his specific needs. All children differin fundamental ways, two of the most comprehensive being their temperaments and attachment styles.A childs temperament is the way in which he reacts to the world, new situations, people, and experiences. Attachment is an infants enduring emotional bond to his parentsor primary caregivers. Both of these factors affect children not only in infancy, but passim their lives. Temperament has been shown to be a consistent aspect of apersons behavior over time, and their style of attachment to their primary caregiver very much shapes the quality of platonic and romantic relationships with others as they age. A childs temperament can affect his parents reactions and feelings toward him, and subsequently his attachment style.Infants are put into three defined categories of temperament easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Easy babies adjust readily to new experiences and are generally happy and easy to calm. trying babies are easily upset, have intense negative emotional reactions, and have irregular bodily functions. Slow to warm up babies react to new stimuli as difficult babies would initially, but with repeated exposure will react more like easy babies.Easy babies often engender positive reactions and feelings from their parents, which helps produce a secure attachment relationship between the paren... ...t them independently. This not only sets him up for immediate success in school or whatever he is cerebrate on, but also in the future when dealing with college or work. He will be more motivated to complete his work to the best ofhi s efficacy and to work past any barriers or conflicts that arise.Works CitedAllard, Lindsey T., and Amy Hunter. Understanding Temperament in Infants and Toddlers.Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning. Vanderbilt University, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. .Davis, Jeanie L. 10 Commandments of Good Parenting.WebMD. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. .Siegler, Robret, Judy DeLoache, and Nancy Eisenberg.How Children Develop. 3rd ed. New York Worth Publishers, 2011. 425-98. Print.

The notes of a confused college student

To encourage students to evolve their analytical skills. To enable students to Define reveal concepts In the study of history Identify major factors shaping the development of the US Recognize causes and consequences of major changes in US history Cite attain examples of major historical trends and patterns Discriminate between causal factors of primary importance and secondary importance. Evaluation 4 Exams will be given, each worthy 15 points These exams will be multiple-choice in nature.The lowest grade will be dropped. This option makes make-up exams a rare exception) Daily quizzes will be given using the I-clicker, worth 10 total points Questions will be drawn from various sources If you attend class regularly these will be motiveless points 2 Primary source Analysis castles will be given, worth 5. (10 points toward total) These assignments will be group activities completed in class. The readings will be post on Blackboard and each student will be responsible for their comp letion.On he day of the AS, you will come to class prepared to contribute to the group. Make- up Sagas will be given only on rare occasions. 2 Reading quizzes will be given, each worth 10 points These quizzes will be given In-class In conjunction with you readings of Bell and Moody. These quizzes will be written and will reflect your analysis of these readings. Text book readings will be worth 20 points total Once a week you will complete a reading assignment using the online connect.

EOQ Essay

IntroductionDetermine the order size of it for Company A in the scenario strand in the attached QAT1 Task 3 Spreadsheet that would minimize total annual cost by using the economic order total model, showing only of your work.Economic order quantity model is an in inventory related equating that helps in determining the optimum order quantity that a ships company should hold in its inventory given a cost of production, demand set up and other variables. This is always done to help in minimizing the variables inventory costs. The equation is given byEOQ =WhereA= Setup costsCp = Demand rateP = Production costI = Interest rate (considered an opportunity cost, so the risk-free rate can be used)EOQ = (2 * 400,000 * 42)/ (3% * 500)= 33600000/ 15= Sr. 2240000=1,497 computersIdentify what Company A should do with the information determined in part AThe economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order quantity that minimizes total holding and ordering costs for the year. Even if all the assump tions dont hold exactly, the EOQ gives us a good indication of whether or not current order quantities are reasonable(Steven, 2009). Therefore, the company uses EOQ in ensuring that the quantity be produced is optimal and is cost in effect(p) hence help the production and marketing departments to be effective in terms of production.Order QuantityHolding approachOrder Cost tangible CostShortage CostTotal CostQhC(Q/2)(R/Q)SCR(B(Q-n)2)/2QTC99.78$748.33$168,374.58$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,169,122.91199.56$1,496.66$84,187.29$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,085,683.95299.33$2,244.99$56,124.86$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,058,369.86399.11$2,993.33$42,093.65$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,045,086.97498.89$3,741.66$33,674.92$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,037,416.57598.67$4,489.99$28,062.43$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,032,552.42698.44$5,238.32$24,053.51$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,029,291.83798.22$5,986.65$21,046.82$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,027,033.47898.00$6,734.98$18,708.29$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,025,443.27997.78$7,483.31 $16,837.46$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,024,320.771097.55$8,231.65$15,306.78$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,023,538.431197.33$8,979.98$14,031.22$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,023,011.191297.11$9,728.31$12,951.89$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,022,680.201396.89$10,476.64$12,026.76$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,022,503.401496.66$11,224.97$11,224.97$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,022,449.941596.44$11,973.30$10,523.41$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,022,496.721696.22$12,721.64$9,904.39$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,022,626.021796.00$13,469.97$9,354.14$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,022,824.111895.77$14,218.30$8,861.82$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,023,080.121995.55$14,966.63$8,418.73$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,023,385.362095.33$15,714.96$8,017.84$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,023,732.802195.11$16,463.29$7,653.39$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,024,116.682294.88$17,211.62$7,320.63$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,024,532.262394.66$17,959.96$7,015.61$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,024,975.562494.44$18,708.29$6,734.98$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,025,443.272594.22$19,456.62$6,475.95$200,000 ,000.00$0.00$200,025,932.562693.99$20,204.95$6,236.10$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,026,441.052793.77$20,953.28$6,013.38$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,026,966.662893.55$21,701.61$5,806.02$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,027,507.632993.33$22,449.94$5,612.49$200,000,000.00$0.00$200,028,062.43QLine149701497200022449.9Determine the lot size for Company B in the scenario found in the attached QAT1 Task 3 Spreadsheet that would minimize total annual cost by using the economic production lot size model, showing all of your work.Economic order quantity model is an in inventory related equation that helps in determining the optimum order quantity that a company should hold in its inventory given a cost of production, demand rate and other variables. This is always done to help in minimizing the variables inventory costs. The equation is given byEOQ =WhereA= Setup costsCp = Demand rateP = Production costI = Interest rate (considered an opportunity cost, so the risk-free rate can be used)EOQ = (2 * 5200,000 * 500 )/ (4% * 250)= 5,200,000,000/ 10= Sr. 520,000,000= 22804 computersIdentify what Company B should do with the information determined in part BThe economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order quantity that minimizes total holding and ordering costs for the year. Even if all the assumptions dont hold exactly, the EOQ gives us a good indication of whether or not current order quantities are reasonable (Steven, 2009). Therefore, the company uses EOQ in ensuring that the quantity being produced is optimal and is cost effective hence help the production and marketing departments to be effective in terms of production.Order QuantityHolding CostOrder CostMaterial CostShortage CostTotal CostQhC(Q/2)(R/Q)SCR(B(Q-n)2)/2QTC1520.23$7,601.17$1,710,263.14$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,301,717,864.313040.47$15,202.34$855,131.57$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,870,333.914560.70$22,803.51$570,087.71$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,592,891.226080.94$30,404.68$427,565.78$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,457,970.467601.17$38 ,005.85$342,052.63$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,380,058.489121.40$45,607.02$285,043.86$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,330,650.8710641.64$53,208.19$244,323.31$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,297,531.4912161.87$60,809.36$213,782.89$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,274,592.2513682.11$68,410.53$190,029.24$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,258,439.7615202.34$76,011.70$171,026.31$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,247,038.0116722.57$83,612.86$155,478.47$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,239,091.3318242.81$91,214.03$142,521.93$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,233,735.9619763.04$98,815.20$131,558.70$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,230,373.9121283.27$106,416.37$122,161.65$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,228,578.0322803.51$114,017.54$114,017.54$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,228,035.0924323.74$121,618.71$106,891.45$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,228,510.1625843.98$129,219.88$100,603.71$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,229,823.6027364.21$136,821.05$95,014.62$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,231,835.6728884.44$144,422.22$90,013.85$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1 ,300,234,436.0730404.68$152,023.39$85,513.16$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,237,536.5531924.91$159,624.56$81,441.10$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,241,065.6633445.15$167,225.73$77,739.23$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,244,964.9634965.38$174,826.90$74,359.27$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,249,186.1736485.61$182,428.07$71,260.96$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,253,689.0338005.85$190,029.24$68,410.53$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,258,439.7639526.08$197,630.41$65,779.35$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,263,409.7641046.32$205,231.58$63,343.08$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,268,574.6642566.55$212,832.75$61,080.83$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,273,913.5744086.78$220,433.92$58,974.59$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,279,408.5145607.02$228,035.09$57,008.77$1,300,000,000.00$0.00$1,300,285,043.86QLine228040228041300228035ReferenceSteven A. (2009) Management lore Applications in Project Management Project Management LP Models in Scheduling, Integer Programming www.eng.umd.edu/sgabriel. uk

Duties of your own work Essay

En trustworthy all children are safe and happy within the setting. retentivity walk authoritys, fire exits and doorways clear. Doing regular risk assessment checks through knocked out(p) the day (bye eye). Risk assessment check of the garden before going out. Making sure n iodine of the toys are damaged or broken.EYFSMaking sure the EYFS is followed when carrying out monthly spot obs, and when having input in the planning.1.2 Explain expectations about experience counterfeit role as expressed in relevant standards. As a practitioner my expectations should be to become a valuable practitioner, to be reliable and be able build good relationships with children and parent carers. Encourage the children in the setting to play whilst escorting, and eat our childrens best interests at heart for simulation visible activities and outings will help them to enjoy their growth in knowledge and assist them to expand on their development as a whole. Also I to be able to work with other sta ff members and parent/carers to detain the children, so that the children will ascertain confident and able boost up theirself-esteem, and this will to a fault help them in their future, and prepare them for when they move onto school or in my case the next room up.Also the expectations that are to be done in my setting at a relevant standard is to supervise the children this plays a big role in child protection Act and health and sentry go policy. As a practitioner I should always watch the children closely to prevent and reduce any type of injury to the children. Children often challenge their own abilities but are not always able to recognise the risks involved, as a practitioner I should always supervise the children to be able to station any risks and minimise injury at all times while still encouraging the children to take their own risk. 2.1 Explain the importance of reflective suffice in continuously improving the quality of the service provided.It is important to use r eflective practise as it loafer improve your own work and suffice you consider ways of improving the things you do on a day to day basis. In order to reflect on your own intrust, you imply to be able to question what you do and think about it rather than just doing it. You offer do this by observing how the children react to the activity, and how other have had input. Where you feel you have done well you should consider what skills, knowledge or practice you have used to help you achieve this. You can excessively ask others for example you room leader for input and ask what they think you did well and what you can improve on. Once you have been give this input you should think about what you need to do to improve. The way you might approach reflecting on your own practice could be to observe the children before you do an activity this can enable you to learn from the children and help you get a good idea of what the children are interested in and also the way they engage with other children.You should also be sensitive of and focus on the issues in hand for example things cannot be running smoothly because of issues as diminutive as the daily routine having a nonaged issue such as the timings been just out, we should work on these problems as a setting rather than seeing them as just a small problem. Seek out alternatives, if you do not have something you need then dont panic in that location is always an alternative you can use. Panicking can cause the children to feel distress and this in turn can cause the children to leave the activity. Also purviewing things from a different perspective can help, if you viewthings from the childrens perspective can help you experience how the children view the activities, also standing over Someone elses activities can help you view the way you see how your own activity or went wrong.2.3 describe how own believes, values and experiences may fall upon working practices.Your own believe systems, values and expe riences can affect your working practices in a good and bad ways for example I believe that no matter what race, religion or background a child comes from they should all be treated as equals and we should follow what the parents would like us too, this can include dietary requirements, clothing, sayings before and after meals for example in my nursery we have some parents that would like us to say please and thank in Punjab. Whereas your own experiences can have an adverse effect on your working practice, for example as a child I was never aloud pudding until i had finished my meal, whereas at work I have to give the child their pudding regardless as to whether the child eats the main meal or not.4.1 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing my own development.The sources of support for planning and reviewing my own development areNikol managerNikol helps me review my own development by crowing me feedback on a daily basis. Nikol helps me by reviewing my practice and speaking to me when she sees something arent quite right and telling me how to handle things the next time round. I also have monthly appraisals with nikol when we talk about how I feel in the work place and how Nikol thinks I could improve and what Im doing well in,Ema Room LeaderEma helps me with my development by allowing me to set out my own activities and giving me giving me feedback after each activity. Ema allows me to put up displays and have input into the planning. Ema also gives me praise on adaily basis. Ema also helps me when Im unsure on something like what to write for observations or how to link the planning to the EYFS.Hayley TutorHayley helps me with my own development by reviewing my work and giving me feedback on how to make it better. Hayley also plans observations to observe my work within the setting.ParentsMy parents help me to plan my future steps like uni and talk to me about where I essential my studies to take me. My parents also push me to achieve my goalsIt good to have more than one source of support as everyones advice is different and some sources can provide more support in certain areas than others. Its also good to have more than one source of support as that one source of support is not always available to help.When I was doing a display at work I was struggling to write the EYFS for the display I had just done I asked Ema for support on how to write this. Ema gave me the EYFS Someone else had done as a guide she also showed me which aspects of the EYFS to use to guide me. I felt a lot better after asking for help it made me feel that I could always ask for help when needed and that there was the support I needed.

A research proposal on sporting and its personal development Essay

The usual playing adds little value to an individual. Sport, however, helps in the development of athletic as salutary as the visible abilities. Sports subscribe to team workplace which adds value to the social context of an individual, the way of relationship with team members and how adept perceives himself. The presence of a coach in a lame helps in the control of various lessons that sportsmen learn in the field of play. The coaches help in the examination of values, designing of activities considering various results as well as star(p) done examples.This work will address various types of development related to sports including physical, intellectual, social, and emotional as well as moral capabilities (B atomic number 18z 2008). Problem statement unlike people have different opinions on sports and sporty activities. However, it is well known that sports lead to development of certain official qualities including self discipline, dedication and leadership skills throug h and through the competitive participation in various events.On the other, a number of people also argue that sports do not have a positive result on character development due to the win ego. In this case, the mentality for a must win leads to unethical behaviors including excessive cheating, aggressiveness and dose abuse. This makes the real value of sports very complex and worth a discussion topic on this paper. However, the pros outdo the cons and the paper will discuss on sports as a development activity. Sports help in the physical development through balancing the mind, body as well as the spirit (Holt 2008).Literature checkIn the early childhood as Bares (2008) states, sporting which is mostly in form of play helps in learning skills including running and jumping as well as balancing. This also helps in gaining and development of social, emotional, moral and cognitive competencies. This helps the children to learn the rights and the wrongs. As a result this develops the in dividual creativity in addition to the physical development (Bares 2008). In this case, winning is not the major factor but the child engages in sporting activities for fun, enjoyment and normal participation.In this case, success is contributed through fun and creativity. The participation in various roles under different games helps in stimulation of the child creativity and imagination. The children are in a position of exploring as well as interacting with the environment. This is in addition to testing their motor skills, interaction and solving of problem individually (Holt 2008). In the middle childhood, sporting becomes a unconstipated activity for children. uninfected helps in development of confidence in various areas including social, emotional, mental and physical aspects. This helps them in mastering and neglecting the negative influences. Sporting at this direct also help in cooperation and competition that are constructive. In addition, it works in the independence in solving conflicts and being responsible (Murphy 2005). During the early immature stage, the children experience various body developments and this could be coupled with emotional stress and instability.Sporting helps the teenagers to control their emotions and making of responsible choices. During sporting activities, the exchange of information helps in development of communication skills which helps them in expression and solving of problems (Barez 2008). Sporting helps in literal interpretation and respect where one learns to adhere to various rules. There is a schedule that must be followed for exercising and this works in building of responsibility where one should also be committed and able to persevere.During various competitions, sporting helps the teenagers to develop self control as well as respecting others where one is able to accept wins with humility as well as losing. Teammates are encouraging and this with various other traits goes beyond the field to the indi vidual ways of living (Murphy 2005). In the late adolescent, according to Barez (2008), sporting plays a major role where teenagers are involved in various decisions making including personal relationships, taller education, vocational training and career activities. Various hardships like unemployment, financial strains, career confusion, unsatisfactory work experiences and lack of family support among others pose a great threat to individual life. Sporting helps in provision of increased levels of self esteem, perseverance and self discipline. Sporting helps in supporting self competence and independence. However, sporting in itself is also a career and work as source of income. Through sporting one establishes his personal goals as well as career objectives (Barez 2008).ConclusionSporting is a major part of personal life which helps in achievement of high life standards and expectations. First, sporting acts as a motivational tool which works in encouragement and development of effective learning methods. It helps one to have unique(predicate) life goals and objectives by focusing on training goals which calls for self discipline and responsibility. One is able to work without supervision with consistency which calls for commitment for performance. One is able to undergo great perseverance and can approach problems with confidence.

Mordechai Richler’s book “Son of a smaller hero” Essay

If I were to base my opinion of Jewish people solely on Mordechai Richlers Son of a smaller Hero, I would probably start wearing a Swastika on my arm and pledging my allegiance to the fuehrer. Richler reference fakeizes Jews as a people who have an rattling(a) lust for money, women, and power. Richler delivers a piece that seems the complete antithesis of his origional novel. While he crammed his former novel with soft-spoken words, which displayed his passion to inform on useful subjects, Hero blows its readers past by its directness and disregard of political correctness.It tells the story of Noah Adler, a young Jewish man who feels trapped by his ghetto upbringing. He comes from a family controlled by his granddaddy Melech Adler. Melechs observance of the Jewish law turns Noah off of Judaism. He leaves the family and their business, to drive a cab and attend university. Noahs departure from his family includes one from his religion as well. Once on his own, he is faced with a life unknown to him, and his morals and ethical standards are continually challenged. As he resolves his on sacking battles with his grandfather, he begins to realize that there is much more to Judaism then he originally though.Apart from Noahs growing relationship with his grandfather, we see little character development among the novels main characters. We are subject to the same comments about the same characters, chapter after chapter. These monotonous descriptions of the characters, while emphasizing characters flaws excellently, become extremely humdrum halfway through the novel.Although Mordechai Richler did not write this as an autobiography, the daybook does include numerous elements of his life. He endured the hardships of St. Urban Street and the Montreal ghetto as well. This book, while the archetypal in Richlers series of ghetto books, is the most inclusive about all aspects of life there, from cheap pool room owners, to permanent signs in Jewish stores that read, half-price sale, or going out of business, every item must go. Noahs relationship with his family also reflects that of Richlers. His grandfather was a Hassid from Europe who could not accept thenew traditions of Canadian Jews, and thus ruled his family with an iron fist to keep them from veering off the path of Jewish morality.Not everything in the book works perfectly. Noahs delinquent uncle Shloime, who joins the army does not follow with the description we were first presented with of him. The end of the book is oddly sentimental for a novel that has been occupied with ironical disorder. Son of A Smaller Hero is a unique accomplishment for a writer that thought to be perverse in thought. Its humor and sadness are intertwined just enough to make this novel a one of a kind. I believe that no other push aside match Richlers unique style of writing. Son Of A Smaller Hero, is an example of Canadian literature at its best. It is the kind of work that makes a nation proud to describ e themselves as Canadians.

Destruction of the Old Order in King Lear Act I

In the first act of King Lear Shakespe be turns the order of world of the play upside down. By the windup of the first act virtually every characters station in life has been changed significantly. Lear has given away his force, he has destroyed his family by disowning one girlfriend and anger a nonher, and he has banished his most trusted advisor.When the play begins, Lear is King of England. He has long ruled and apparently has done so competently. He holds all power in England. Although Lear has advisers, notably Kent and Gloucester, it is clear that Lear is in charge and he keeps his own counsel and makes his own decisions. The play opens with his two advisers, the Earls of Kent and Gloucester being surprised that Lear no agelong appears to prefer Gonerils husband the Duke of Albany over Regans husband Duke of Cornwall. I thought the King had more affected the Duke of Albany than Cornwall (I.i.1-2).Due to his failure to keep his advisers snarled in the decision making proce ss, he at times makes rash decisions such as the disowning of Cordelia (I.i.113-116), the dividing of his kingdom between Goneril and Regan (I.i.127-138), and the banishing of his best and most allegiant advisor Kent (I.i.173-178). By the end of Act I Lear seems impotent. He is no longer the powerful King of England. He is no longer recognized as King.Goneril has instructed her servant Oswald to put on what weary negligence you please (I.iii.12) toward Lear. When the once powerful Lear asks Oswald Who am I, sir? (I.iv.78) the servant insolently replies My ladys father (I.iv.79) enraging Lear that a servant should treat him not as king, but as the father of the servants lady. His power, stance, and social standing have collapsed.As a father Lear doesnt fare much better than he did as king. At the plays beginning he is an all-powerful patriarch and expects everyone to completely agree with and cater to his every whim. In many ways he is like a spoiled child. He seeks and demands con stant, undivided attention. Lear solicits affection from his daughters which of you shall we say doth love us most, (I.i.51). When the attention is positive and according to his wishes he exhibits an almost childlike happiness.Although it is evident Goneril and Regan are engaging in hyperbole, Lear is pleased and rewards his two elder daughters with one third of England each. When he asks his favorite daughter Cordelia how much she loves him he is disappointed with her answer and throws a tantrum, here I disclaim all my paternal care (I.i.113). By the end of the first act Lears demands have not changed.When Goneril argues with him and complains ab erupt the behavior of his knights, Lear has another barrack of anger and runs away from Goneril to Regan as if he were a schoolboy running away from home. He no longer is the proud father of three daughters, but has banished Cordelia, angered and run away from Goneril, and pins his hopes on his middle daughter Regan.When Act I ends Lear i s no longer the center of social attention. When he first appears on exhibit the stage directions indicate that a flourish is sounded and Lear enters with his three daughters, his two sons-in-law and an unspecified number of attendants. In the final scene his presence is not announced with a flourish. His daughters and sons-in-law are not present. Lears only attendants are the banished Kent (disguised as Caius) and Lears jester known only as Fool.Lear is not alone in his foolish behavior toward his children. Gloucester behaves similarly to Lear. He is used to his power and makes rash, unwise decisions. When the play opens Gloucester appears to be somewhat ashamed of his second son, Edmund who is a bastard for he keeps him away from court, he hath been out nine years, and away he shall again (I.i.32-33).Gloucesters older son Edgar is clearly his favorite. Yet he is quick to cogitate Edmund when Edmund plots against Gloucester. Edgar clearly mirrors Goneril, as Gloucester is quick to believe the false accusations made by Edmund and force Edgar into hiding. Edgar also mirrors Kent in that he returns in Act II dressed as Poor Tom of Bedlam. As Tom Edgar accompanies his father and helps him just as Kent helps Lear.Cordelias status changes greatly in the first act. Initially she was Lears favorite daughter. She went from a highly sought after bride-to-be with a large dowry to a woman with no dowry who is refused by the Duke Burgundy and accepted, without dowry by the King of France. When she refuses to kowtow to Lear with false praise her status is destroyed. Although she clear loves her father she is banished and forced to leave England.By the end of Act I Lear is no longer the proud, powerful King of England. By his own die he has destroyed his kingdom and his family. Shakespeare has stripped Lear of his armor and has exposed Lear with all of his vulnerabilities and foibles.By removing the old order in the first act, Shakespeare provides a vehicle for the read ers and members of the hearing to explore the real nature of the characters behind the facades each character displays in public life when the play begins. Each of the characters will reveal his or her true nature throughout the remainder of the play. These revelations provide the tension and the interest of King Lear.Works CitedThe Tragedy of King Lear. The Riverside Shakespeare. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co. 1974. 1255-1295.

How important are Dreams in the novel “Of Mice Of Men” Essay

In the novel Of Mice Of work force in that respect ar many themes which set aside the characters from others, however all of them nominate one thing in common-they all have trances. Lennie and George share a dream of owning thither own land and later on dulcify indispensabilitys to join them. This shows that e veryone in the novel needs dreams to keep them going through life. This shows that the title mind applies greatly because dreams keep the novel moving along and make the novel interesting. Everyone has needs but everyone similarly has wants.All the themes in of mice of men contribute towards everyones aloneness and then making everyone dependent on dreams. The novel is set in the cartridge holder of the depression in 1930s America so there is much loneliness which makes people hazard of dreams. Because of the depression there werent many jobs nearly so there were a lot of migrant workers. These workers traveled all over America to find jobs. Because they travelled a lot they were non able to make any friends, which would make them unfrequented. This would cause them to have dreams and to always think about them whenever theyre solitary(a).Because depression is around poverty is as well present. Dreams always dress up in conversations, especially Lennies conversations. Lennie is the one who brings up the subject all the time, An live off the fatta the lan. Lennie always talks about caring for rabbits, An have Rabbits.Sexism is also linked in with dreams because Curleys wife has a dream of becoming a Hollywood movie star. She is the only woman on the ranch and threads lonely because she has no one to talk to. She has her dreams to overcome her loneliness and she has slightlything to take to and flavor forward to. Ageism is another(prenominal) factor, which affects dreams because Crooks is old and disabled. Crooks is jealous that George and Lennie have each other to go around. Crooks is alone and gets lonely but Lennie and George pot ty always speak to each other.They all need dreams to cover up their loneliness. They all finish think and imagine their dreams. Dreams will make the characters happy and forget about everything else. This is why it is an important theme because it make all the characters. George and Lennie are the main characters who are not alone and share a dream of owning a farm. They are the lucky characters.Nearly all of the characters in the novel have a dream. Curley and the Boss breakt seem to have anything. George and Lennie have a dream and have each other to look subsequently. Their dream is to have a house, own a couple of acres of land, a cow and some pigs. Lennies also wants some rabbits. I aint no people I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone. That aint no good. This quote shows us that George the likes ofs having Lennie around him otherwise he would be lonely like the other ranch workers.The relationship between George and Lennie is sacred because they are more tha n hardly friends. Both George and Lennie share the same dream and this makes them more alike because they want the same things. George is a clever, succinct man and Lennie is a gentle giant who can lift heavy objects on his own. They both disquiet about each other because they have been together for a while. George does feel sorry for Lennie but he does sometimes wishes that Lennie wasnt with him because he drags George down by being mentally challenged. Lennie does say that he can go away onto the mountains, but George doesnt want to hurt his feelings or make him feel painfulness in any way. He also feels that he wouldnt be able take bearing of himself in the mountains. Lennie is very dependent on George for things and George also depends on Lennie for companionship.Candy has also had a dream of owning a farm where he can be useful again. Candy in very interested in George and Lennies dream and thinks it can all really work out because they all have each other and they would nearly have enough money to buy a farm because of Candys extra 350 dollars. Tell you what He leaned forward eagerly. Sspose I went in with you guys. Thas one-third hundred an fifty bucks Id put in. George and Lennie are very tempted at this offer because it would plastered their dream would finally come true.Candy has to have dreams because he has no one to talk to after Carlson shot his dog, If you want me to, Ill put the old devil out of his misery right like a shot and get it over with. Candys dog helped him through life because he was lonely and forthwith that hes dead he needs a dream to look forward to and hope for. Thats why he wants to join with Lennie and George. Candy is old and disabled so he is lonely, which restricts him to doing reliable things which makes him lonely. Most of the characters want there dream to come true and then they want to relax in it.Curleys wife also has a dream of becoming a Hollywood movie star. She wants to travel an actress and become f amous, but we soon know this doesnt come true, in fact the death of Curleys wife brings an end to all dreams in the novel because of how the death happened with Lennie. Curleys wife is lonely because she has no one to talk too because there are no other women on the ranch and Curley that tells her to be quiet and go back inside the ranch.Curleys wife plays around and flirts with others to get attention, this hook was fatal between herself and Lennie and ended her dream of being an actress. Curleys wife spends a lot of time on her own, hence the need for dreams in her life. She is unhappy with her ranch life and wants a Hollywood life. Since she has cipher to do she gets involved with other characters like George and Lennie which trigger off serious incidents that later happen. Curleys wife relates to the theme of sexism in the 1930s. She is treated unfairly by her husband and cannot do any work on the ranch to keep herself occupied because she is a women.The other ranch workers t hink and have dreams because they are very lonely because at that time when Steinbeck wrote the novel the depression was happening. This meant that workers had to travel around America looking for jobs. This make them very lonely and they thought of the same dreams as George and Lennie but we never experienced any come true in the novel. They have nix to do and so they just read comics and imagine how they would like their own farm. All the characters have fantasies and live a life in their dreams.In Of Mice Of Men dreams are never achieved because of the circumstances. It is Curleys wife who puts all stops to dreams and makes George realise that Lennie is no longer useful to him. George feels that nothing will ever be achieved with Lennie around because he will always keep you back because of his immature manners and actions.Dreams are never achieved at the time all of the characters are set in. Nothing is colonised in the 1930s as the depression has happened. Any character who seems to have a dream seems to get himself into trouble. The relationship between George and Lennie was perfect for a dream to come true, but if only Lennies simpleness did not mean his strength was uncontrollable. If Curleys wife didnt flirt with Lennie he would have been ok. Lennie got too sickish thats why he ended up killing Curleys wife when she screamed. Dreams are also never achieved because of each of the characters themselves. For example how Curley acts. If Curley wasnt such a mean person George might not have killed Lennie.Dreams are very important to the plot Of Mice Of Men. Dreams are what carry people on from their loneliness and there bad times. Dreams are needed for every character who is lonely. When a character in Of Mice of Men gets lonely he/she thinks about a dream which they want to come true. With dreams characters can imagine anything they want to and this will keep them happy if nothing else does. Steinbeck is saying that anybody can get lonely and unhappy sometimes but anyone can have dreams to help them through bad times, it just depends on how deeply that lonely person can imagine there dreams.

Women’s Studies

Major Essay Wo hands across the world face ch wholeenges and experiences much(prenominal) as inner activity crystalise inequality, subjugation, struggle with identity, in actal modify, womens quarryification, ad hominem resistance, reliving womens hi tosh, distaff em queenment and etc. These ar some of the subjects that will be addressed In this essay. These themes will be tolerateed by womens liberationist short stories from books such(prenominal) as The Yellow W each(prenominal)paper and oppo berth stories by Charlotte Perkins Gillian and The Bloody Chamber and un casingd(prenominal) stories by Angela Carter.Through the office of aesthetic texts, womens contends and experiences will be interpreted using the themes in these stories. In the trading floor The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillian, focuses on women living In the 19th century where men train a high standing In the fond hierarchy that oppressed women, Gender plays a gravid fictitious character In social hierarchy. Even a rich woman go off non exercise the same rights and privileges as men would. Women were not given the same equality as men. Gillian focuses on the themes such as person-to-person resistance and womens hi figment.As the narrator in this story battles with err consume psychological mind and the outside world, she tardily falls into deep madness as her obsession grows with the yellow wallpaper. To second-stringer herself from going Insane, she keeps a daybook that exercises her creative mind as her keep up prohibits It. This act of writing In her Journal Is similarly akin to the movie, The Hours where the character Virginia Wolf wrote e genuinelyday to keep herself sane in her confinement. The wallpaper represented her sanity and freedom.As a show of resistance from her save she tore the wallpaper, which made her feel free and effectful. l wonder if they all come out of that wallpaper as I did? (Gillian 34) shows her longing of freedom an d resistance. Women during this time period did not render much value as they were expected to be completely wives and m some otherwises and netnot carry on other responsibilities. It Is so discouraging not to obligate any advice and companionship close my work (Gillian 24) as her husband instructed her to stay in confinement and away from writing.She has spent her days confined in a board where there is just now a window to look at which eventually made her insane. As a woman living In the 19th century, the narrator had no control over her avouch liveness and had let her husband dominate her. Women did not have the same opportunities as men did. The authors use of these themes gave the story a priapic monarchful message of women longing for freedom and equality in their society. In the story, If I Were A Man by Charlotte Perkins Gillian, focuses on a woman who fought social boundaries and take risk to improve themselves and their clobber condition (Hoofers 36).As in th is story, women were not ready for business exclusively Gillian challenged that. Gillian focuses on the themes such as sex Identity and empowerment, During this time period, womens roles were to stay confined In their preference in sex role was examined in this story, Gerald had already about that bill, over which she- as Mollie- was still crying at home (Gillian 39) shows how unlike the roles of men and women were. Women were the just now subdue to be emotional who stayed at home while the men were the ones who held themselves together with self-esteem and dignity.Mollie Matheson finds herself to be happy when she makes her husband Gerald walking down the path so erect and squ atomic number 18- shouldered (Gillian 35) as manly as she coffin nail ever be. The eyeshot of being a man gave Mollie a sense of pride and dignity comp atomic number 18d to when she was a woman. In Mollies sense to have equality amongst men, she felt such freedom and comfort (Gillian 36) in becoming G erald as she has all these privileges a woman would not have. empowerment became a big symbol once Mollie started to earn money and privileges only men would have had. She never had dreamed of how it felt to have pockets (Perkins 36) shows how she realizes that she is powerful having money and being equal to support herself without the take of having a man to rely on. The themes apply in this story became an waking up for women to r separately higher and rise the social hierarchy to have equal opportunities as men do. In the story, The Cottage by Charlotte Perkins Gillian, focuses near on how customal male and female roles ar slowly evolving. In this story, despite of the old turn over in women serving as wives and housekeepers was challenged.Gillian focuses on themes such as inner practice identity and status. Malta is expected to be naught but a wife and housekeeper as what they care for closely, after all, is domesticity What they want to marry is a homemaker (Gilli an 55) according to her friend. This shows how inequality and pretermit of freedom plays on in traditional roles f women. Also, Mammals lack of independence and longing for Fords approval shows how she follows the traditional role of a woman. l could cook. I could cook famously But if it was a question of pleasing Ford Mathews- (Gillian 56) as her aspiration was to please Ford and postal code but Ford.Women were expected to act polite and demure, as they do not want their status to be devalued. She purview process it would look breach if we had an older person with us (Gillian 57) shows how women are confined to act a certain way and are not able to show who they truly are. Women are too seen as trophies or objects a man can have whenever he wishes, And woman? He will detain her, he will have her when he pleases (Gillian 100). Women were treated nothing equally as men but in this story, this concept was challenged.The themes in this story reminds us that women do have tr aditional roles but can al slipway do something to a greater extent than being a wife or housekeeper. In the story, The Bloody put up by Angela Carter focuses on sexual awakening and womens objectification through and through fairytale storytelling. This challenges the typical fairytale story in which is structured as pleasant and happy into gory and violent. The heroine was blossoming into adulthood as she experiences her sexual awakening upon to losing her virginity. Away from Paris, away from girlhood, away from the white, enclosed quietude of my mothers apartment (Carter 7) shows her freedom from childhood and practice her sexual curiosity. She also compares the act of A tender, delicious ecstasy of excitement (Carter 7) leading up to intercourse as meet her husband. She longs and waits the moment when her husband mess ups women have been major targets of sexual stereotypical and detrimental orphaned (Adams and brimfull 7) and seen as sexual objects. Marquis viewed the her oine as a sexual object that he can whirl and violate. The heroine felt violated as Marquis in a way forced her to undress and deflower her like disrobing of the bride, a ritual from the brothel (Carter 15).The heroine is comparing the lost of her virginity as a ritual from a brothel depicts how dis watch overed and disgusted she felt while doing this act. Marquis was a power hungry who showed no respect to her brides. The heroine did not feel that losing her virginity was a special act but rather a aromatizing experiences as watched a dozen husbands approach me in a dozen mirrors (Carter 15). Although the story ended with a happy tone, the story still degrades women as the heroin was relieved that she was able to cover her red mark as the concealment piano tuner cannot see it T spares me shame (Carter 41). The themes portrayed in this story shows that fairytale stories externalize women and given women a lesser value then they should have. In the story, Puss in Boots by Angela Ca rter examines the role of strength in sex and woman objectification. The youthfulness woman was predicted as a poor girl who was flex to marry a rich man. In this case, sexual urge and class play a role in social status in this story. As signior Pantone symbolizes violence and sex for the young woman, as she wishes for sexual gratification she mustiness submit to violence. L gave her the customary tribute of a few firms thrusts of my striped loins (Carter 70). As Signor Pantone was murdered and passed away, the young woman and Puss master proceeded with the act of intercourse despite having a dead corpse next to them. . Theyre at it, hammer and tongs, down on the carpet since the bed is encroach upon (Carter 04) shows the young womans absurd attraction of violence towards sex. It seems like the young woman is aroused by the acts of violence around her. Women were called unpleasant names and were treated as property by their masters or husbands.One of Signor Pantheons servants was being called a hag and described as someone who is very ugly and useless. Also, Signor Pantaloon sees the young woman as property and a sense of please giver. She is also a prisoner of her own where she can only sit in a window for one second and one hour only (Carter 101) shows how she doesnt have freedom and is being held captive by her own husband. The themes of violence in sex and womens objectification helped mold the story poor outlook on womens value. In the story, The Tigers Bride by Angela Carter focuses on womens objectification and sexual awakening.The heroine is a smasher whose father had a gambling addiction in which he had lost to the Beast. The heroine then was used as a wager for her father gambling addiction. My father lost me to The Beast at cards. (Carter 60) shows how devalued the heroine is. There is also patriarchy played in this story. As the father and the beast holds the heroine in captivity and she has o spokesperson in her own life. My father said he discernd me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards. (Carter 62) shows how helpless and out of control the heroines life is.She is being used as an object and nothing much but a value of money and not life itself. The heroines sexual awakening is measured when she transforms into a beast. This also signifies sex and birth as a way of her transformation. Losing her virginity lick the uncase off me (Carter 69) she describes herself being reborn into a tigress. This act of rebirth signifies a mans reclaim in sex, as a man controls a woman during intercourse. This also ties in with violence in sex as she sheds blood during intercourse and sheds her own skin to become awaken.The themes delivered a powerful message of the pain and relief in finding ones awakening. Through the use of womens rightist themes and ideas, writers Charlotte Perkins Gillian and Angela Carter sent powerful messages in their short stories. Charlotte Perkins Gillian more ofttimes than not used the libber themes such as personal resistance and gender identity to explain the central meanings in her stories. Characters in Sailings writings were rebellious and did not conform to social norms. As they, freely evince themselves in their own way with a positive ending.Contrary in Angel Carters writings, focused on themes such as womens objectification and sexual awakening. The male characters usually portrayed having some essence of evil controlling the female character. The stories in Carters books are very dark and sexual. Some descriptions in her writing al close have a sense of pornographic image. Both writers gave us a grasp on how themes power in full send messages end-to-end the stories. Adams, Terrier M. , and Douglas B. Fuller. The Words Have Changed But the Ideology Remains the Same Misogynistic Lyrics in Rap Music.Womens Studies nasty Feminist Thought in the Matrix of control From Patricia Hill Collins, dull Feminist Thought Knowledge, Consciousness, and the insi pidal science of Empowerment (Boston Unwin Hyman, 1990), pp. 221238 disconsolate feminist thought demonstrates dour womens emerging power as agents of noesis. By limning Afro-American women as self- specify, self-reliant various(prenominal)s looking quicken, gender, and class heaviness, Afrocentric feminist thought speaks to the richness that heaviness, Afrocentric feminist thought speaks to the importance that noesis plays in empowering oppressed grosswealth.One distinguishing feature of sable feminist thought is its insistence that both the changed brain of souls and the social transformation of political and economic institutions constitute essential ingredients for social change. New companionship is authoritative for both marks of change. Knowledge is a vitally important part of the social relations of subordination and resistance. By objectifying Afro-American women and recasting our experiences to serve the spare-time activitys of elite white men, much of the Eurocentric masculinist worldview rears inkiness womens subordination.But placing murky womens experiences at the center of analysis states fresh insights on the prevailing concepts, paradigms, and epistemologies of this worldview and on its feminist and Afrocentric critiques. Viewing the world through a both/and conceptual lens of the simultaneity of race, class, and gender onerousness and of the need for a humanistic vision of fraternity creates bare-assed possibilities for an empowering Afrocentric feminist experience. Many melanise feminist intellectuals have long thought about the world in this way because this is the way we experience the world.Afrocentric feminist thought offers devil natural contributions toward furthering our understanding of the important connections among knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. First, cutting feminist thought fosters a fundamental paradigmatic remove in how we think about oppression. By embracing a paradigm of race, class, and gender as interlacing systems of oppression, portentous feminist thought reconceptualizes the social relations of command and resistance.Second, macabre feminist thought addresses current epistemological debates in feminist theory and in the sociology of knowledge concerning ways of assessing truth. Offering subordinate convocations spick-and-span knowledge about their own experiences can be empowering. But offending new ways of knowledgeable that allow subordinate groups to define their own reality has far greater implications. Reconceptualizing Race, Class, and Gender as interlinking Systems of Oppression What I really feel is radical is trying to make coalitions with people who are various from you, maintains Barbara Smith. I feel it is radical to be dealing with race and sex and class and sexual identity all at one time. I think that is really radical because it has never been done before. blackened feminist thought fosters a fundamen tal paradigmatic shift that rejects additive approaches to oppression. Instead of starting with gender and then adding in other variables such as age, sexual orientation, race, social class, and religion, unrelenting feminist thought sees these distinctive systems of oppression as being part of one overarching structure of domination.Viewing relations of domination for Black women for any given sociohistorical context as being structured via a system of interlocking race, class, and gender oppression expands the focus of analysis from merely describing the similarities and differences distinguishing these systems of oppression and focuses greater attention on how they interconnect. Assuming that each system needs the others in order to function creates a distinct theoretical stance that stimulates the re mentation of canonic social science concepts.Afrocentric feminist thoughts of family reflect this reconceptualization process. Black womens experiences as blood mothers, other mo thers, and fellowship other mothers reveal that the mythical norm of a heterosexual, married couple, nuclear family with a nonworking spouse and a husband earning a family wage is far from being natural, oecumenic and preferred but instead is deeply imbed in specific race and class formations.Placing black women in the center of analysis not only reveals much- involve information about Black womens experiences but also questions Eurocentric masculinist vistas on family Black womens experiences and the Afrocentric feminist thought rearticulating them also challenge prevailing definitions of society. Black womens actions in the struggle or group survival send word a vision of community that stands in opposition to that extant in the governing husbandry.The definition of community implicit in the market model sees community as arbitrary and fragile, structured fundamentally by competition and domination. In contrast, Afrocentric models of community stress connections, caring, and personal drawability. As cultural workers African-American women have spurned the generalized ideology of domination advanced by the dominating group in order to assert Afrocentric conceptualizations of community.Denied access to the podium, Black women have been unable to spend time theorizing about transformnative conceptualizations of community. Instead, through chance(a) actions African-American women have created alternative communities that empower. This vision of community sustained by African-American women in a termment with African-American men addresses the larger issue of reconceptualizing power. The type of Black womens power discussed here does resemble feminist theories of power which emphasize energy and community.However, in contrast to this body of literature whose celebration of womens power is ofttimes accompanied by a lack of attention to the importance of power as domination, Black womens experiences as mothers, community other mothers, educators, c hurch leaders, labor union center-women, and community leaders seem to suggest that power as energy can be fostered by creative acts of resistance. The spheres of influence created and sustained by African-American women are not meant solely to provide a respite from oppressive situations or a pull away from their effects.Rather, these Black female spheres of influence constitute potential sanctuaries where individual Black women and men are nurtured in order to confront oppressive social institutions. Power from this perspective is a creative power used for the good of the community, whether that community is conceptualized as ones family, church community, or the next generation of the communitys children. By fashioning the community stronger, African-American women become empowered, and that same community can serve as a informant of support when Black women feel race, gender, and class oppression. . . Approaches that assume that race, gender, and class are interconnected hav e immediate working applications. For example, African-American women continue to be inadequately protected by Title VII of the Civil Rights driven of 1964. The main(a) purpose of the statute is to eradicate all aspects of discrimination. But judicial treatment of Black womens vocation discrimination claims has encouraged Black women to identify race or sex as the so-called primary discrimination. To resolve the inequities that confront Black women, counsels Scarborough, the courts must first correctly conceptualize them as Black women, a distinct class protected by Title VII. Such a shift, from protected categories to protected classes of people whose Title VII claims might be based on more than two discriminations, would work to alter the entire basis of current antidiscrimination efforts. Reconceptualizing phenomena such as the rapid growth of female-headed households in African-American communities would also benefit from a race-, class-, and gender-inclusive analysis.Case studies of Black women heading households must be attentive to racially segmented local anesthetic labor markets and community patterns, to changes in local political economies specific to a given city or region, and to established racial and gender ideology for a given location. This approach would go far to rede Eurocentric, masculinist analyses that implicitly rely on controlling images of the matriarch or the welfare mother as maneuver conceptual premises. . . Black feminist thought that rearticulates experiences such as these fosters an enhanced theoretical understanding of how race, gender, and class oppression are part of a single, historically created system. The Matrix of Domination Additive models of oppression are firmly rooted in the either/or dichotomous thinking of Eurocentric, masculinist thought. One must be either Black or white in such thought systemspersons of ambiguous racial and social identity constantly battle with questions such as what are your, anyway? This emphasis on quantification and as patternment occurs in conjunction with the tenet that either/or categories must be ranked. The search for certainty of this sort requires that one side of a dichotomy be privileged while its other is denigrated. Privilege becomes defined in relation to its other. Replacing additive models of oppression with interlocking ones creates possibilities for new paradigms.The significance of seeing race, class, and gender as interlocking systems of oppression is that such an approach fosters a paradigmatic shift of thinking inclusively about other oppressions, such as age, sexual orientation, religion, and ethnicity. Race, class, and gender represent the one-third systems of oppression that most to a great extent affect African-American women. But these systems and the economic, political, and ideological conditions that support them may not be the most fundamental oppressions, and they certainly affect many more groups than Black women.Other peo ple of color, Jews, the poor white women, and gays and lesbians have all had similar ideological justifications offered for their subordination. All categories of humans labeled Others have been equated to one other, to animals, and to nature. Placing African-American women and other excluded groups in the center of analysis opens up possibilities for a both/and conceptual stance, one in which all groups take in vary amounts of penalisation and privilege in one historically created system. In this system, for example, white women are penalized by their gender but privileged by their race.Depending on the context, an individual may be an oppressor, a outgrowth of an oppressed group, or simultaneously oppressor and oppressed. Adhering to a both/and conceptual stance does not mean that race, class, and gender oppression are interchangeable. For example, whereas race, class, and gender oppression operate on the social structural level of institutions, gender oppression seems better able to annex the basic power of the erotic and intrude in personal relationships via family dynamics and within individual consciousness.This may be because racial oppression has fostered historically concrete communities among African-Americans and other racial/ethnic groups. These communities have stimulated cultures of resistance. While these communities segregate Blacks from whites, they simultaneously provide counter-institutional buffers that subordinate groups such as African-Americans use to resist the ideas and institutions of dominant groups. Social class may be similarly structured.Traditionally conceptualized as a relationship of individual employees to their employers, social class might be better viewed as a relationship of communities to capitalist political economies. Moreover, significant overlap exists between racial and social class oppression when viewing them through the collective lens of family and community. Existing community structures provide a primary l ine of resistance against racial and class oppression. But because gender cross-cuts these structures, it finds fewer comparable institutional bases to foster resistance.Embracing a both/and conceptual stance moves us from additive, separate systems approaches to oppression and toward what I now see as the more fundamental issue of the social relations of domination. Race, class, and gender constitute axes of oppression that characterize Black womens experiences within a more generalized intercellular substance of domination. Other groups may encounter different dimensions of the matrix, such as sexual orientation, religion, and age, but the overarching relationship is one of domination and the types of activism it generates.Bell Hooks labels this matrix a politic of domination and describes how it operates along interlocking axes of race, class, and gender oppression. This politic of domination refers to the ideological ground that they care, which is a belief in domination, and a belief in the notions of superior and inferior, which are components of all of those systems. For me its like a house, they divvy up the foundation, but the foundation is the ideological beliefs around which notions of domination are constructed.Johnella Butler claims that new methodologies exploitation from this new paradigm would be non-hierarchical and would refuse primacy to either race, class, gender, or ethnicity, demanding instead a recognition of their matrix-like interaction. Race, class, and gender may not be the most fundamental or important systems of oppression, but they have most deep affected African-American women. One significant dimension of Black feminist thought is its potential to reveal insights about the social relations of domination organized along other axes such as religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and age.Investigating Black womens particular experiences thus promises to reveal much about the more universal process of domination. triple Level s of Domination In addition to being structured along axes such as race, gender, and social class, the matrix of domination is structured on several levels. People experience and resist oppression on three levels the level of personal biography the group or community level of the cultural context created by race, class, and gender and the systemic level of social institutions.Black feminist thought emphasizes all three levels as sites of domination and as potential sites of resistance. Each individual has a unique personal biography made up of concrete experiences, values, motivations, and emotions. No two individuals occupy the same social space thus no two biographies are identical. Human ties can be freeing and empowering, as is the case with Black womens heterosexual love relationships or in the power of motherhood in African-American families and communities. Human ties can also be confining and oppressive.Situations of domestic violence and abuse or cases in which controlling images foster Black womens internalized oppression represent domination on the personal level. The same situation can look quite different depending on the consciousness one brings to interpret it. This level of individual consciousness is a fundamental heavens where new knowledge can generate change. Traditional accounts assume that power as domination operates from the exonerate down by forcing and controlling unwilling victims to bend to the will of more powerful superiors.But these accounts violate to account for questions concerning why, for example, women stay with abusive men even with ample opportunity to leave or why slaves did not kill their owners more oft. The willingness of the victim to collude in her or his own victimization becomes lost. They also miss to account for sustained resistance by victims, even when chances for victory appear remote. By emphasizing the power of self-definition and the necessity of a free mind, Black feminist thought speaks to the impo rtance African-American women thinkers go under on consciousness as a sphere of freedom.Black women intellectuals realize that domination operates not only by structuring power from the top down but by simultaneously annexing the power as energy of those on the female genitalia for its own ends. In their efforts to rearticulate the outdoor stage of African-American women as a group, Black feminist thinkers offer individual African-American women the conceptual tools to resist oppression. The cultural context formed by those experiences and ideas that are shared with other members of a group or community which give meaning to individual biographies constitutes a second level at which domination is experienced and resisted.Each individual biography is rooted in several overlapping cultural contextsfor example, groups defined by race, social class, age, gender, religion, and sexual orientation. The cultural component contributes, among other things, the concepts used in thinking and acting, group validation of an individuals interpretation of concepts, the thought models used in the acquisition of knowledge, and standards used to evaluate individual thought and behavior. The most cohesive cultural contexts are those with identifiable histories, geographic locations, and social institutions.For Black women African-American communities have provided the location for an Afrocentric group perspective to endure. Subjugated knowledges, such as a Black womens culture of resistance, develop in cultural contexts controlled by oppressed groups. Dominant groups aim to replace subjugated knowledge with their own specialised thought because they realize that gaining control over this dimension of subordinate groups lives simplifies control. While efforts to nfluence this dimension of an oppressed groups experiences can be overtonely winning, this level is more difficult to control than dominant groups would have us believe. For example, adhering to externally derived sta ndards of beauty leads many African-American women to dislike their skin color or cop texture. Similarly, internalizing Eurocentric gender ideology leads some Black men to abuse Black women. These are cases of the successful infusion of the dominant groups specialized thought into the everyday cultural context of African-Americans.But the long-standing existence of a Black womens culture of resistance as expressed through Black womens relationships with one another, the Black womens blues tradition, and the voices of modern African-American women writers all attest to the difficulty of eliminating the cultural context as a fundamental site of resistance. Domination is also experienced and resisted on the third level of social institutions controlled by the dominant group namely, schools, churches, the media, and other formal organizations.These institutions expose individuals to the specialized thought representing the dominant groups viewpoint and interests. While such instituti ons offer the promise of both literacy and other skills that can be used for individual empowerment and social transformation, they simultaneously require docility and passivity. Such institutions would have us believe that the theorizing of elites constitutes the whole of theory.The existence of African-American women thinkers such as Maria Stewart, Sojourner Truth, Zora Neale Hurston, and Fannie Lou Hamer who, though excluded from and/or marginalized within such institutions, continued to urinate theory effectively opposes this hegemonic view. Moreover, the more recent resurgence of Black feminist thought within these institutions, the case of the outpouring of contemporary Black feminist thought in history and literature, directly challenges the Eurocentric masculinist thought pervading these institutions.Resisting the Matrix of Domination Domination operates by seducing, pressuring, or forcing African-American women and members of subordinated groups to replace individual and c ultural ways of knowing with the dominant groups specialized thought. As a result, suggests Audre Lorde, the trustworthy focus of alterationary change is never merely the oppressive situations which we seek to escape, but that piece of the oppressor which is planted deep within each of us. Or as Toni Cade Bambara succinctly states, revolution begins with the self, in the self. Lorde and Bambaras suppositions raise an important issue for Black feminist intellectuals and for all scholars and activists working for social change. Although most individuals have critical difficulty identifying their own victimization within some major system of oppressionwhether it be by race, social class, religion, physical ability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, age or genderthey typically fail to see how their thoughts and actions uphold someone elses subordination. Thus white feminists routinely point with confidence to their oppression as women but resist seeing how much their white skin privil eges them.African-Americans who possess eloquent analyses of racism often persist in viewing poor white women as symbols of white power. The radical left fares little better. If only people of color and women could see their true class interests, they argue, class solidarity would eliminate racism and sexism. In essence, each group identifies the oppression with which it feels most comfortable as being fundamental and classifies all others as being of lesser importance. Oppression is filled with such contradictions because these approaches fail to recognize that a matrix of domination contains few pure victims or oppressors.Each individual derives varying amounts of penalty and privilege from the multiple systems of oppression which ashes everyones lives. A broader focus stresses the interlocking nature of oppressions that are structured on multiple levels, from the individual to the social structural, and which are part of a larger matrix of domination. Adhering to this inclusive model provides the conceptual space needed for each individual to see that she or he is both a member of multiple dominant groups and a member of multiple subordinate groups.Shifting the analysis to investigating how the matrix of domination is structured along certain axesrace, gender, and class being the axes of investigation for AfricanAmerican womenreveals that different systems of oppression may rely in varying degrees on systemic versus interpersonal mechanisms of domination. Empowerment involves rejecting the dimensions of knowledge, whether personal, cultural, or institutional, that perpetuate objectification and dehumanization.African-American women and other individuals in subordinate groups become empowered when we understand and use those dimensions of our individual, group, and disciplinary ways of knowing that foster our humanity as fully human subjects. This is the case when Black women value our self-definitions, participate in a Black womens activist tradition, st ir an Afrocentric feminist epistemology as central to our worldview, and view the skills gained in schools as part of a focused program line for Black community development. C.Wright Mills identifies this holistic epistemology as the sociological imagination and identifies its task and its promise as a way of knowing that enables individuals to grasp the relations between history and biography within society. use ones standpoint to subscribe to the sociological imagination can empower the individual. My fullest concentration of energy is available to me, Audre Lorde maintains, only when I integrate all the parts of who I am, openly, allowing power from particular initiations of my living to flow can and forth freely through all my different selves, without the restriction of externally imposed definition. Black Women as Agents of Knowledge Living life as an African-American woman is a necessary prerequisite for producing Black feminist thought because within Black womens commun ities thought is validate and produced with reference to a particular set of historical, material, and epistemological conditions. African-American women who adhere to the idea that claims about Black women must be substantiated by Black womens sense of our own experiences and who anchor our knowledge claims in an Afrocentric feminist epistemology have produced a rich tradition of Black feminist thought.Traditionally such women were blues singers, poets, autobiographers, storytellers, and orators validated by everyday Black women as experts on a Black womens standpoint. Only a few unusual African-American feminist scholars have been able to defy Eurocentric masculinist epistemologies and explicitly embrace an Afrocentric feminist epistemology. Consider Alice Walkers description of Zora Neal Hurston In my mind, Zora Neale Hurston, Billie Holiday, and Bessie Smith form a sort of unholy trinity.Zora belongs in the tradition of black women singers, rather than among the literati. . . . Like Billie and Jessie she followed her own road, believed in her own gods pursued her own dreams, and refused to separate herself from common people. Zora Neal Hurston is an exception for prior to 1950, few African-American women acquire advanced degrees and most of those who did complied with Eurocentric masculinist epistemologies.Although these women worked on behalf of Black women, they did so within the confines of pervasive race and gender oppression. Black women scholars were in a position to see the exclusion of African-American women from scholarly discourse, and the thematic content of their work often reflected their interest in examining a Black womens standpoint. However, their tenuous status in academic institutions led them to adhere to Eurocentric masculinist epistemologies so that their work would be recognized as scholarly.As a result, while they produced Black feminist thought, those African-American women most likely to gain academic credentials were often lea st likely to produce Black feminist thought that used an Afrocentric feminist epistemology. An ongoing strain exists for Black women as agents of knowledge, a tension rooted in the sometimes conflicting demands of Afrocentricity and feminism. Those Black women who are feminists are critical of how Black culture and many of its traditions oppress women.For example, the strong pronatal beliefs in African-American communities that foster early motherhood among adolescent girls, the lack of self-actualization that can accompany the double-day of paid employment and work in the home, and the emotional and physical abuse that many Black women experience from their fathers, lovers, and husbands all reflect practices opposed by African-American women who are feminists. But these same women may have a parallel desire as members of an oppressed racial group to affirm the value of that same culture and traditions.Thus strong Black mothers appear in Black womens literature, Black womens econom ic contributions to families is lauded, and a curious silence exists concerning domestic abuse. As more African-American women earn advanced degrees, the range of Black feminist scholarship is expanding. Increasing numbers of African-American women scholars are explicitly choosing to ground their work in Black womens experiences, and, by doing so, they implicitly adhere to an Afrocentric feminist epistemology.Rather than being restrained by their both/and status of marginality, these women make creative use of their outsider-within status and produce innovative Afrocentric feminist thought. The difficulties these women face lie less in demonstrating that they have mastered white male epistemologies than in resisting the hegemonic nature of these patterns of thought in order to see, value, and use existing alternative Afrocentric feminist ways of knowing. In establishing the legitimacy of their knowledge claims, Black women scholars who want to develop Afrocentric feminist thought ma y encounter the often conflicting standards of three key groups.First, Black feminist thought must be validated by ordinary Atrican-American women who, in the words of Hannah Nelson, grow to womanhood in a world where the saner you are, the madder you are made to appear. To be credible in the eyes of this group, scholars must be personal advocates for their material, be accountable for the consequences of their work, have lived or experienced their material in some fashion, and be willing to engage in conversations about their findings with ordinary, everyday people. Second, Black feminist thought also must be accepted by the community of Black women scholars.These scholars place varying amounts of importance on rearticulating a Black womens standpoint using an Afrocentric feminist epistemology. Third, Afrocentric feminist thought within academia must be prepared to confront Eurocentric masculinist political and epistemological requirements. The dilemma facing Black women scholars engaged in creating Black feminist thought is that a knowledge claim that meets the criteria of adequacy for one group and thus is judged to be an bankable knowledge claim may not be translatable into the terms of a different group.Using the example of Black English, June Jordan illustrates the difficulty of moving among epistemologies You cannot translate instances of Standard English preoccupied with abstraction or with nothing/nobody evidently alive into Black English. That would warp the language into uses antithetical to the guiding perspective of its community of users. Rather you must first change those Standard English sentences, themselves, into ideas consistent with the person-centered assumptions of Black English.Although both worldviews share a common vocabulary, the ideas themselves defy direct translation. For Black women who are agents of knowledge, the marginality that accompanies outsider-within status can be the source of both frustration and creativity. In an at tempt to minimize the differences between the cultural context of African-American communities and the expectations of social institutions, some women dichotomize their behavior and become two different people. Over time, the strain of doing this can be enormous.Others reject their cultural context and work against their own best interests by enforcing the dominant groups specialized thought. calm down others manage to inhabit both contexts but do so critically, using their outsider-within perspectives as a source of insights and ideas. But while outsiders within can make substantial personal cost. Eventually it comes to you, observes Lorraine Hansberry, the thing that makes you exceptional, if you are at all, is inevitably that which must also make you lonely. Once Black feminist scholars face the notion that, on certain dimensions of a Black womens standpoint, it may be fruitless to try and translate ideas from an Afrocentric feminist epistemology into a Eurocentric masculinist f ramework, then other choices emerge. Rather than trying to uncover universal knowledge claims that can withstand the translation from one epistemology to another (initially, at least), Black women intellectuals might find efforts to rearticulate a Black womens standpoint especially fruitful.Rearticulating a Black womens standpoint refashions the concrete and reveals the more universal human dimensions of Black womens everyday lives. I date all my work, notes Nikki Giovanni, because I think poetry, or any writing, is but a reflection of the moment. The universal comes from the particular. Bell Hooks maintains, my goal as a feminist thinker and theorizer is to take that abstraction and articulate it in a language that renders it accessiblenot less thickening or rigorousbut simply more accessible. The complexity exists interpreting it remains the unfulfilled challenge for Black women intellectuals.Situated Knowledge, Subjugated Knowledge, and Partial Perspectives My life seems to b e an increasing revelation of the intimate trace of universal struggle, claims June Jordan You begin with your family and the kids on the block, and next you open your eyes to what you call your people and that leads you into land reform into Black English into Angola leads you back to your own bed where you lie by yourself wondering if you deserve to be peaceful, or trusted or desired or left to the freedom of your own unfaltering heart. And the scale shrinks to the use of a skull your own interior cage.Lorraine Hansberry expresses a similar idea I believe that one of the most sound ideas in dramatic writing is that in order to create the universal, you must pay very great attention to the specific. Universality, I think, emerges from the truthful identity of what is. Jordan and Hansberrys insights that universal struggle and truth may better a particularistic, intimate face suggest a new epistemological stance concerning how we negotiate competing knowledge claims and identify t ruth. The context in which African-American womens ideas are nurtured or suppressed things.Understanding the content and epistemology of Black womens ideas as specialized knowledge requires attending to the context from which those ideas emerge. While produced by individuals, Black feminist thought as situated knowledge is embedded in the communities in which African-American women find ourselves. A Black womens standpoint and those of other oppressed groups is not only embedded in a context but exists in a situation characterized by domination. Because Black womens ideas have been suppressed, this suppression has stimulated African-American women to create knowledge that empowers people to resist domination.Thus Afrocentric feminist thought represents a subjugated knowledge. A Black womens standpoint may provide a preferred stance from which to view the matrix of domination because, in principle, Black feminist thought as specialized thought is less likely than the specialized kn owledge produced by dominant groups to deny the connection between ideas and the vested interests of their creators. However, Black feminist thought as subjugated knowledge is not exempt from critical analysis, because subjugation is not grounds for an epistemology.Despite African-American womens potential power to reveal new insights about the matrix of domination, a Black womens standpoint is only one angle of vision. Thus Black feminist thought represents a partial perspective. The overarching matrix of domination houses multiple groups, each with varying experiences with penalty and privilege that produce corresponding partial perspectives, situated knowledges, and, for clearly identifiable subordinate groups, subjugated knowledges. No one group has a clear angle of vision.No one group possesses the theory or methodology that allows it to discover the absolute truth or, worse yet, proclaim its theories and methodologies as the universal norm evaluating other groups experiences. addicted that groups are unequal in power in making themselves heard, dominant groups have a vested interest in suppressing the knowledge produced by subordinate groups. Given the existence of multiple and competing knowledge claims to truth produced by groups with partial perspectives, what epistemological approach offers the most promise? Dialogue and EmpathyWestern social and political thought contains two alternative approaches to ascertaining truth. The first, reflected in positivist science, has long claimed that absolute truths exist and that the task of scholarship is to develop objective, naive tools of science to measure these truths. . . . Relativism, the second approach, has been forwarded as the antithesis of and inevitable outcome of rejecting a positivist science. From a relativist perspective all groups produce specialized thought and each groups thought is equally valid. No group can claim to have a better interpretation of the truth than another.In a sense, rel ativism represents the opposite of scientific ideologies of objectivity. As epistemological stances, both positivist science and relativism minimize the importance of specific location in influencing a groups knowledge claims, the power inequities among groups that produce subjugated knowledges, and the strengths and limitations of partial perspective. The existence of Black feminist thought suggests another alternative to the ostensibly objective norms of science and to relativisms claims that groups with competing knowledge claims are equal. . . This approach to Afrocentric feminist thought allows African-American women to bring a Black womens standpoint to larger epistemological dialogues concerning the nature of the matrix of domination. Eventually such dialogues may get us to a point at which, claims Elsa Barkley Brown, all people can occupy to center in another experience, validate it, and judge it by its own standards without need of comparison or need to adopt that framewor k as their own. In such dialogues, one has no need to decenter anyone in order to center someone else one has only to constantly, appropriately, pivot the center. Those ideas that are validated as true by African-American women, African-American men, Latina lesbians, Asian-American women, Puerto Rican men, and other groups with distinctive standpoints, with each group using the epistemological approaches growing from its unique standpoint, thus become the most objective truths. Each group speaks from its own standpoint and shares its own partial, situated knowledge.But because each group perceives its own truth as partial, its knowledge is unfinished. Each group becomes better able to consider other groups standpoints without relinquishing the uniqueness of its own standpoint or suppressing other groups partial perspectives. What is always needed in the appreciation of art, or life, maintains Alice Walker, is the larger perspective. Connections made, or at least attempted, where no(prenominal) existed before, the straining to encompass in ones glance at the varied world the common thread, the unifying theme through immense diversity. Partiality and not universality is the condition of being heard individuals and groups forwarding knowledge claims without owning their position are deemed less credible than those who do. Dialogue is critical to the success of this epistemological approach, the type of dialogue long extant in the Afrocentric call-and-response tradition whereby power dynamics are fluid, everyone has a voice, but everyone must listen and respond to other voices in order to be allowed to remain in the community.Sharing a common cause fosters dialogue and encourages groups to transcend their differences. . . . African-American women have been victimized by race, gender, and class oppression. But word-painting Black women solely as passive, unfortunate recipients of racial and sexual abuse stifles notions that Black women can actively work to chan ge our circumstances and bring about changes in our lives.Similarly, presenting African-American women solely as gilded figures who easily engage in resisting oppression on all fronts minimizes the very real costs of oppression and can foster the perception that Black women need no help because we can take it. Black feminist thoughts emphasis on the ongoing interplay between Black womens oppression and Black womens activism presents the matrix of domination as responsive to human agency.Such thought views the world as a dynamic place where the goal is not merely to survive or to fit in or to cope rather, it becomes a place where we feel ownership and accountability. The existence of Afrocentric feminist thought suggests that there is always choice, and power to act, no matter how bleak the situation may appear to be. Viewing the world as one in the making raises the issue of individual responsibility for bringing about change. It also shows that while individual empowerment is key , only collective action can effectively generate lasting social transformation of political and economic institutions.