Summary by Uma Sekaran

CHAPTER I WHAT IS look query is plain the impact of determination solutions to a caper after a thorough reckon and epitome of the berthal chemical elements. Business inquiry domineering and organized effort to investigate a special line encountered in the piss oscilloscope, that engages a solution. It comprises a serial of steps constructed and executed, with the cultivation of finding f atomic recite 18s to the airs that ar of concern to the music director in the civilize environment.Business look for organized, systematic, learning- ground searing, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific riddle, under c argonn with the pur disturb of finding answers or solutions to it. Yeah, ga usah bingung sama yang nam botha mahluk bernama PENELITIAN. Intinya penelitian itu kan nyelidikin suatu masalaat buat nemuin solusinya. Prosesnya ga jauh beda sama usaha kita nyari kebenaran suatu babble atau cari info tentang orangutan yang kita ge bet. Bed eithera RISET BISNIS ini harus dikerjain secara sistematis, selective developmentnya jelas, dan adenosine deaminase dalil-dalil keilmuan yang sudah diakui dan terbukti keabsahannya.Santai semua orang pasti bisa menaklukan binatang yang bernama PENELITIAN ini khususnya SKRIPSI (buat mahasiswa S1). Chayo Pasti bisa TYPE OF BUSINESS enquiry deuce diverse purposes of investigate to solve a stream problem faced by the manager in the work backing, demanding a successi tot to from each one one(prenominal)y solution (applied query). to gene array a body of sockledge by try to comprehend how sealed problems that occur in cheeks strong deal be solved ( fundamental research). utilise research research d peer little with the determination of applying the results of the findings to solve specific problems currently be experienced in the aimment.Basic/fundamental/ utter(a) research research d whiz in the first place to enhance the deduceing of on-key(p) problems that usu eithery occur in organizational engrafttings, and attempt methods of solving them. CHAPTER II THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH The chief(prenominal) distinguishing characteristics of scientific research 1. nonrandomness s yapted the research with a defined aim or purpose, purposive focus 2. Rigor c befulness, scrupulousness, the story of circumstantialitude in research investigations. full(a) theoretic base and a teleph iodine set methodological cast 3.Te st mogul researcher develops veritable hypotheses, beca practice sessionce these support be salutary-tried by applying certain statistical tests to the field of operation collected for the purpose 4. Replicability the results of the tests of hypotheses should be back up again and yet again when the aforementi wizardd(prenominal) type of research is repeated in early(a) similar circumtances 5. precision and cartel precision the besottedness of the findings to reality based on a viewl. Refle cts the degree of the true or axactitude of the results on the terms of the prove to what in truth exist in the mankind sureness the chance that our estimations argon sort 6.Objectivity the finales emaciated through the interpretation of the results of nurture summary based on the facts of the findings derived from existent in fermentation and non on our protest subjective or emotional set 7. Generalizability the scope of applicability of the research findings in nonp atomic rate 18il organizational setting to opposite settings. The research strain object has to be logically unquestionable and a be of virtually new(prenominal) details in the information- accretion methods need to be meticulously followed 8. Parsimony simple mindedness in informing the phenomena or problemsthat occur, and in generating solutions for the problems.Introduced with a good intellect of the problem and the key factors that settles it good excogitationual surmise-bas ed en try out The reason for following a scientific method is that the results ordain be slight pr atomic number 53 to defects and much(prenominal) confidence brush aside be placed in the findings becaexercising of the great rigor in application of the design details. This overly ontogenys the replicability and generalizability of the findings. Makanya, ikutin deh aturan scientific method. Ibaratnya, meneliti juga adenosine deaminase rukunnya sama kayak sholat. Kalo kita sholat rukunnya berantakan, ga tertib urutan ga teratur, kan sholatnya jadi ga karuan tu.Ga jelas juntrungannya. Bisa-bisa ga ada artinya or ga ada nilainya. Prinsip harus bertindak sesuai rukun juga berlaku dalam melakukan penelitian. BUILDING BLOCKS OF SCIENCE IN RESEARCH Deduction the a get ahead by which we gain at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a cognize fact. Induction a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this stand arrive at conclusions. HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD 7 steps in the hypothetico-deductive method 1. card 2. Preliminary information collect 3. opening formulation 4. Hypothesizing 5.Further scientific information collection 6. Data epitome 7. Deduction CHAPTER IV RESEARCH PROCESS Research process for basic and applied research 1. mirror image all-inclusive atomic number 18a of research recreate identified 2. Preliminary selective information gathering interviewing, literature survey 3. Problem comment research problem delineated 4. theoretic exemplar inconstants all the way identified and tagged 5. Generation of hypotheses 6. Scientific research design 7. Data collection, analysis, and interpretation 8. Deduction hypotheses substantiated? Research inquire answered?Kalau pada tahap ini hipotesis dan pertanyaan permasalahan belum terjawab, maka kita harus kembali ke proses 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, atau pun 7. Yang sabar ya say( Kalau sudah terjawab, ya lanjut ke tahap selanjutnya 9. hide writing 10. Report wassailation 11. managerial decision making Yeah, tahap pertama pasti observasi dulu. Gue inget banget, waktu pertama-tama dulu gue bilang mau ngangkat Kampung Betawi buat objek penelitian. Aswin bilang gini deh Kamu observasi dulu tu Kampung Betawi selama seminggu penuh berturut-turut. Kalo perlu, lo ga pulang-pulang, diem aja lo disana.Liatin orang-orang yang dateng, ada apa aja disana, ngapain aja, mereka dateng dari mana, pokoknya perhatiin apa aja yang terjadi di sana . Ga berenti sampe disitu Gue disuruh wawancara si empunya yang berkuasa di Kampung Betawi itu. Tanya tentang Kampung Betawi, secara implisit tanyain juga masalah apa yang dihadapi sama Kampung Betawi, gali sebanyak-banyaknya informasi untuk memahami objek penelitian lo. Dan yang ga kalah penting tanyain mereka punya information-selective information sesuai ke yetuhan lo ga mereka bisa kasih data itu ke lo ga. Ini pentingKalo mereka ga bisa kasih data sesuai kebutuhan lo, batalkan niat lo buat ngangkat tu objek. Gue saranin (sangat) lo ganti objek aja. Daripada tar lo repot belakangan, mending antisipasi dari awal khan Oh, iya ga ketinggalan, gue juga disuruh cari teori dan penelitian terdahulu yang relevan. Untuk memudahkan gue di masa mendatang. Kalo lo udah observasi dan preliminary data gathering, baru deh lo bisa menemukan masalah utama yang akan lo angkat, secara spesifik, apa permasalahan yang picket fence menarik, paling kritis, paling menggelitik, paling sensasional, yang paling membuat lo bertanya-tanya geregetan and penasaranSilakan berkhayal Abis itu, dengan teori-teori yang lo temukan, lo bikin object lesson deh Despite the fact that the research impersonateling is depicted and discussed in this book as if it were a step-by-step linear process, one has to bear in mind that it is non literally so in practice. For example, though the literature search and interviews might lay been conducted before formulating the theoretical manakin, one may boast to go back and conduct more tha n interviews and/or put one acrossk additive information from the literature for a cle arr reason, so as to refine the theory. Gue setuju banget sama pernyataan iniSoalnya gue juga ngerasain harus balik lagi, balik lagi, balik lagi, sampe gue bener-bener ngedapetin apa yang gue mau. Interview, nemu teori, interview, nemu teori, cari ketersediaan data, AARGGHH Mo gila Mungkin ini yang dimaksud aswin kalo nanti ternyata penemuan kamu ga cocok, ya kita rombak lagi. Sadis Sialan. Tapi kita tetap harus sabar SEMANGAAAAATTT Gue jadi inget pertanyaan Hermas kapan kita tau kalo penelitian kita udah bener-bener BENER . Dan aswin menjawab dengan sok romantis itu semua tergantung kecintaan kalian terhadap ilmu pengetahuan(.Makanya, bikin penelitian tentang sesuatu yang benar-benar lo sukai, lo cintai. Jadi di tengah-tengah kegilaan dan kebingungan, masih ada alasan waras kenapa lo masih mau ngelanjutin tu penelitian karna gue suka banget (selain karna alasan harus ngerjain skripsi su recom pensea bisa lulus dari FE). Percaya deh, mengerjakan sesuatu yang lo suka bakal bikin HIDUP lebih HIDUP. OBSERVATION 1. Problems currently existing in an organizational setting that need to be solved 2. domain of a bleeds that a manager believes need to be modify in the organization 3.A excogitationual or theoretical issue that needs to be tightened up for the basic researcher to understand certain phenomena 4. Some research questions that a basic researcher wants to answer through empirical observation PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION 1. compass information of the organization that is, the backgroundual factors The broth and history of the club when it came into being, vocation it is in, rate of growth, ownership and encounter, and so on surface in terms of employees, assets, or both Charter purposes and ideology Location regional, national, or other Resources human and others Inter pendent consanguinitys with other institutions and the external environment Financial incline during the precedent 5 to 10 years, and pertinent financial data 2. Managerial philosophy, company policies, and other structural aspects Roles and positions in the organization and number of employees at all(prenominal) credit line aim limit of specialization discourse channels Control systems Coordination and span of control Reward systems instituteflow systems and the like 3. Perceptions, attitudes, and behavioural results of organizational fragments and client systems (as applicable) Nature of the work Workflow interdependencies Superiors in the organization community in decision making leaf node systems Co-workers Rewards provided by the organization, such(prenominal) as pay raises and fringe benefits Opportunities for advancement in the organization Organizations attitudes toward employees family responsibilities familiaritys involvement with community, civic, and other social gatherings Companys tolerance of employees taking clip off fr om the job LITERATURE raft Good literature survey meet that 1. Important changeables that ar likely to influence the problem perspective atomic number 18 non left out of the think 2.A clearer idea emerges as to what inconstants would be closely beginningized to fancy (parsimony), why they would be accounted grave, and how they should be investigated to solve the problem. Thus, the literature survey helps the exploitation of the theoretical framework and hypotheses for test 3. The problem statement give the gate be make with precision and clarity 4. Testability and replicability of the findings of the current research are enhanced 5. One does non run the risk of reinventing the wheel that is, wasting efforts on trying to rediscover fewthing that is already cognize 6.The problem investigated is perceived by the scientific community as germane(predicate) and signifi rottert PROBLEM DEFINITION qualify down the problem from its original broad base and define t he issues of concern more clearly. It is critical that the focus of further research, or in other words, the problem, be uniquely identified and defined. No amount of good research plenty find solutions to the situation, if the critical issue or the problem to be analyse is not clearly pin distributor pointed. A problem does not necessarily implicate that virtuallything is seriously wrong with a current situation that needs to be determine immediately. A problem could hardly taper an hobby in an issue where finding the right answers might help to correct an existing situation. It is fruitful to define a problem as any situation where a gap exists mingled with the actual and the sought after ideal states. Is this factor I rescue identified an antecendent, the real problem, or the consequence? Problem definition or problem statement a clear, precise, and drumhead statement of the question or issue that is to be investigated with the closing of finding an answer or solution. Could pertain to 1. Existing business problems where a manager is looking for a solution (applied research) 2.Situations that may not pose any current problems but which the manager feels guide scope for improvement (applied research) 3. empyreans where some sentimentual clarity is necessary for conk out theory building (basic research) 4. Situations in which a researcher is trying to answer a research question empirically because of gratify in the topic (basic research) CHAPTER V privation FOR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK theoretic framework a constructual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the descents among the several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) factors that invite been identified as in-chief(postnominal) to the problem. This theory flows logically from documentation of previous research in the problem area. ? integrate ones logical beliefs with create research, taking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing the situ ation, is gelid in underdeveloped a scientific buns for investigating the research problem. ? Theoretical framework discusses the inter alliances among the uncertains that are deemed to be organic to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. From the theoretical framework, then, testable hypotheses erect be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not. ? The holy research rests on the basis of the theoretical framework. VARIABLES Variable anything that can take on differing or varying comforts. 4 main types of versatiles 1. bloodsucking covariant (also cognize as the criterion varying) 2. In undetermined variable (also known as predictor variable) 3. lead variable 4. Intervening variable Dependent variable Variable of primary disport to the researcher The researchers goal is to understand and describe the aquiline variable, or to rationalize its variability, or predict it The main variable that lends itself for investigation as a via ble factor It is possible to piss more than one pendant variable in a postulate Pantesan Mungkin ini yang dimaksud aswin dengan pertanyaan yang selalu dia tujukan ke gue WHAT DO YOU WANT.. tujuan lo apa sih Lo mau apa ha . Nah, kalo kayak gini gue jadi bingung lagi nih. Jadi dependent variable gue jumlah pengunjung atraksi wisata budaya PBB atau keinginan mengunjungi atraksi wisata budaya PBB Duh jadi bingung mikir lagi deh.Wahai teman, makanya selalu tanyakan dan pastikan tujuan akhir apa yang lo mau . Itulah dependent variable lo (hmm,,, sepertinya ini ga cuma berlaku buat penelitian deh, tapi dalam kehidupan nyata lo juga what do you want ) Independent variable One that influences the dependent variable in either a overbearing or nix behavior When the unconditional variable is present, the dependent variable is also present With all(prenominal) unit of increase in the autonomous variable, in that location is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also Va riance in the dependent variable is accounted for by the self-governing variableModerating variable One that has a strong depending on(p) lay out on the independent variable-dependent variable birth Whenever the family kinship between the independent variable and dependent variable fabricates specific or dependent on another(prenominal) variable, we say that the third variable has a moderating effect on the independent variable-dependent variable blood The variable that moderates the relationship is known as the moderating variable Intervening variable One that surfaces between the time the independent variables start direct to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it in that respect is thus a temporal flavor or time dimension to the step in variable The intervening variable surfaces as a bunk of the independent variable(s) run in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ? It becomes transparent at this stage that to arrive at good solutions to the roblem, one should correctly lay the problem first, and then the variables that contribute to it. ? after identifying the appropriate variables, the next step is to lick the network of associations among the variables, so that relevant hypotheses can be developed and ensuantly tested. ? base on the results of hypotheses testing (which would indicate whether or not the hypotheses crap been back up), the extent to which the problem can be solved would become evident.Theoretical framework elaborates the relationships among the variables, explains the theory underlying these relations, and describes the temper and military commission of the relationships. A good theoretical framework identifies and labels the pregnant variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem identified. Berarti gue bener ringgue ga ngikutin teori dan penelitian lainny a secara plek-plekan sama Gue pake mereka dengan menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi kasus gue, si PBB. 5 basic features that should be incorporated in any theoretical framework 1.The variables considered relevant to the carry should be clearly identified and labelled in the discussions. 2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another. This should be make for the important relationships that are theorized to exist among the variables. 3. If the constitution and committal of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of findings of previous research, then thither should be an index number in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative. 4. There should be a clear explanation of why we would transmit these relationships to exist.This arguments could be d naturaln from the previous research findings. 5. A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be committed so that the reader can memorise and easily comprehend the theorized relationship. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT Hypotheses development formulating such testable statement Hypotheses a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement ? To call a relationship statistically significant, we should be overconfident that 95 times out of century the observed relationship ordain do true ? Only a 5% chance that the relationship would not be inventedStatement of hypotheses format If-then statement Directional ? The direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) is indicated ? The nature of the residuum between two groups on a variable (more than/less than) is requestd Nondirectional ? Do postulate a relationship or difference, but conjure no indication of the direction of these relationships or differences ? It may be conjectured that there would be a significant relationship between two variables, we may not be able to say whether the r elationship would be positive or negative ?Formulated either because the relationships or differences slang never been previously explored & no basis for indicating the direction, or because there take up been remote findings in previous research studies on the variables nugatory and flip over hypotheses Null scheme a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables ? States that the creation correlation between two variables is compare to slide fastener or that the difference in the performer of two groups in the universe of discourse is adequate to zero (or some definite number) ?Expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) difference between two groups hang on hypotheses the opposite of the nobody ? Statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups If we reject the null possible action, then all permissible alternative hypotheses relating to the circumstance relationship tested could be supported Example Directional (group differences) ? Null system H0 M = W H0 M W = 0 ? Alternate hypothesis HA M W HA M W Nondirectional (group differences) ? Null hypothesis H0 AM = AS H0 AM AS = 0 Alternate hypothesis H0 AM ? AS Directional (relationship between 2 variables) ? Null hypothesis H0 there is no relationship between stress experienced on the job and the job satisfaction of employees H0 ? = 0 ? Alternate hypothesis HA ? 0 Nondirectional (relationship between 2 variables) ? Null hypothesis H0 ? = 0 ? Alternate hypothesis HA ? ? 0 Steps in hypotheses testing 1. State the null and the alternate hypotheses 2. consider the appropriate statistical test depending on whether the data collected are parametric or nonparametric 3. Determine the aim of significance desired (p=0. 5, or more, or less) 4. See if the output results from figurer analysis indicate that the significance train is met. If, as in the case of Pearson correlation analysis in Excel software, the significance direct is not indicated in the printout, look up the critical observes that defined the regions of word beggarlying on the appropriate table (t, F, X2) see tables at the end of the book. This critical value demarcates the region of rejection from that of acceptance of the null hypotheses. 5. When the consecutive value is enceinter than critical value, the null hypotheses is rejected, and the alternate accepted.If the calculated value is less than the critical value, the null is accepted and the alternate rejected. Hypotheses generation and testing can be done both through import and induction Deduction the theoretical model is first developed, testable hypotheses are then formulated, data collected, and then the hypotheses are tested. Induction virgin hypotheses are formulated based on what is known from the data already collected, which are then tested. CHAPTER VI RESEARCH protrude Purpose of the field o f operation Types of investigation Extent of researcher interference Study setting Unit of analysis ( race to be studied) eon horizon PURPOSE OF THE STUDY beta study When not much is known about the situation at hand, or no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past To make better comprehend the nature of the problem since very few studies might have been conducted in that area When some facts are known, but more information is needed for developing a viable theoretical framework For obtaining a good graps of the phenomena of interest and advance knowledge through subsequent theory building and hypotheses testingDescriptive study To ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation The goal to offer to the researcher a profile or to describe relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organization, industry-oriented, or other perspective Prese nt data in meaningful form, help to ? empathise the characteristics of a group in a given situation ? Think systematically about aspects in a given situation ? Offer ideas for further investigate and research ? Help make certain simple decisions Hypotheses testing Explain the nature of certain relationships, or establish the differences among groups or the independence of two or more factors in a situation To explain the unevenness in the dependent variable or to predict organizational answer Case study analysis need in-depth, contextual analyses of matters relating to similar situations in other organizations Problem-solving technique Qualitative in nature, recyclable in applying solutions to current problems based on past problem-solving experiences Useful in understanding certain phenomena, and generating further theories for empirical testingTYPE OF probe Causal study the study in which the researcher wants to delineate the cause of one or more problems Correlationa l study when the researcher is interested in delineating the important variables associated with the problem STUDY SETTING case studies correlational studies done in organizations region experiments studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationship using the aforesaid(prenominal) natural environment in which employees usually fuctionLab experiments experiments done to establish cause and effect relationship beyond the possibility of the least(prenominal)(prenominal) doubt require the creation of an artificial, contrived environment in which all the foreign factors are strictly controlled. Similar subjects are choosen carefully to respond to certain manipulated stimuli unit of judgement OF outline Unit of analysis level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage. Depend on problem statement focuses. Individual data garner from each individual and treating each employees response as an individual data sourceDyads interested in studying two-persons interactions, then several two-persons groups Groups even though we may gather relevant data from all individuals comprising, we would aggregate the individual data into group data so as to see the differences among some groups (missal jadi 6 group) Our research question determines the unit of analysis. TIME apparent horizon Cross-sectional/one-shot studies data are gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or moths, in locate to answer a research questionLongitudinal studies data on the dependent variable are gathered at two or more points in time to answer the research question CHAPTER VIII OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Operationalizing the concepts drop-off of abstract concept to take them bank billd in a tangible delegacy Operationalizing defining a concept to render it measurable, is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the concept Operationalizing the concept ? They would probably have some typica l broad characteristics, which we call dimensions. ? Examining each of the dimension and breaking each further into its segments ?These should somehow be observable and quantitatively measurable What an operational definition is not Does not describe the correlates of the concept Does not consist of delineating the reasons, antecedents, consequences, or correlates of the concept If we either operationalize the concepts incorrectly or confuse them with other concepts, then we will not have valid metres. This means that we will not have good data, and our research will not be scientific. Yeahkalo kita salah mengoperasionalisasikan suatu variabel, fatal akibatnya.Bisa-bisa kita salah bikin pertanyaan buat diukur nilainya. Jelek deh datanya. (kayaknya gue baru sadar deh kalo gue salah operasionalisasi. Hix. ) Tips agar tidak salah operasionalisasi variabel ? Bikin landasan teori yang bagus semua berawal dari landasan teori ? Selalu temukan definisi yang tepat dari sebuah konsep ata upun variabel. DEFINISI itu kunci yang penting Kalo kata Lovelock -si professor pemasaran jasa yang kita selalu punya kunci cinta- If you cant define something, you cant metre it, and what you cant measure you cant manage. Punya definisi yang tepat, pasti akan menuntun lo kepada operasionalisasi variabel yang tepat. Ini teori gue, hehe ((((( (berdasarkan pengalaman pribadi). Pantesan, aswin selalu bertanya pada gue ini definisinya apa? Itu definisinya apa? . Hmmmm. pantesaku baru mengerti sekarang. SCALES Scale a fauna or mechanism by which individuals are distinguished as to how they differ from one another on the variables of interest to our study 4 basic types of scales nominal, ordinal number, interval, and ratio titular scale One that allows researcher to delimitate subjects to certain categories or groups ?Assigned grave number ? These number serve as simple and cheery category labels with no intrinsic value, other than to assign responders to one of two nonoverlappin g or mutually pocket categories ? Note that the categories are also jointly exhaustive ? The information is to calculate the portion (or frequency) Ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a counsel as to denote differences among the various categories, it also come out-orders the categories in some meaningful way ?Helps the researcher to determine the percentage of respondents who consider interaction with others as most important, those who consider using a number of antithetical skills as most important, and so on Interval scale let us measure the distance between any two points on the scale ? Helps us to compute the means and the well(p)-worn deviations of the responses on the variables ? Not only groups individuals according to certain categories and taps the order of these groups, it also measures the order of the differences in the preferences among individuals ? The origin, or the starting point, could be any dogmatic number ? more than powerful sca le than the nominal and ordinal scale, and has for its measure of key tendency the arithmetical mean ? It measures of dispersion are the range, the stock deviation, and the variance symmetry scale not only measures the magnitude of the differences between points on the scale but also taps the proportions in the differences ? It has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero point, which is a meaningful measurement point ? The most powerful of the 4 scales because it has a unique zero origin (not an arbitrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the other three scalesUse of 4 types of scales Nominal scale for obtaining personal data such as gender or department Ordinal scale to rank the preferences or usage of various brands of a product by individuals and to rank order individuals, objects, or events Interval scale when responses to various tips that measure a variable can be tapped on a five-point (or seven-point or any other number of points) scale, which can ther eafter be summated across the items Ratio scale when exact numbers on objective (as opposed to subjective) factor are called for CHAPTER IXGOODNESS OF MEASURES Goodness of measures somewhat sure that the instruments we use in our research do so measure the variables they are supposed to, and that they measure them accurately Item analysis to see if the items in the instrument belong there or not. ? The means between the high-score group and the low-score group are tested to detect significant difference through the t-values ? The items with a high t-value (test which is able to identify the passing discriminating items in the instrument) are then included in the instrumentRELIABILITY reliableness tests how systematically a criterion instrument measures whatever concept it is meter Measure stability and unanimity Reliability Stability of measures the ability of a measure to remain the like over time despite rumbustious testing conditions or the state of the respondents themselves ? Test-retest accreditedness the dependableness coefficient obtained with a repetition of the aforesaid(prenominal) measure on a scrap occasion, the high the better ?Parallel-form dependableness when responses on two comparable sets of measures tapping the same construct are highly fit interior consistency of measures the items should hang together as a set and be capable of independently measuring the same concept so that the respondents attach the same general meaning to each of the items ? Interitem consistency reliability test of the consistency of respondents answer to all the items in a measure. To the degree that the items are independent measures of the same concept, they will be correlated with one another.Cronbachs coefficient important used for multipoint-scaled items, Kuder-Richardson formulas used for dichotomous items. The higher the coefficients, the better the measuring instrument ? Split-half reliability reflects the correlations between two ha lves of an instrument hardness hardihood tests how well an instrument that is developed measures the accompaniment concept it is intended to measure Whether we measure the right concept Validity Content hardiness ensures that the measure includes an decent and model set of items that tap the concept.A function of how well the dimensions and elements of a concept have been delineated Criterion-related validity established when the measure differentiates individuals on a criterion it is anticipate to predict Construct validity testifies to how well the results obtained from the use of the measure fit the theories or so which the test is designed ? Correlational analysis as in the case of establishing synchronal and predictive validity or focussed and discriminant validity ?Factor analysis a multivariate technique that would ratify the dimensions of the concept that have been operationally defined, as well as indicate which of the items are most appropriate for each dime nsion ? Multitrait multimethod matrix of correlations derived from measuring concepts by different forms and different methods CHAPTER XI POPULATION, ELEMENT, POPULATION FRAME, SAMPLE, & SUBJECT universe the entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigateElement a single member of the existence Population frame a listing of all the elements in the nation from which the warning is drawn Sample a subset of the universe of discourse, it comprises some members selected from it Subject a single member of the try out taste take in the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the race, so that the study of the sample and an understanding of its properties or characteristics would make it possible for us to generalize such properties or characteristics to the state elements ?All conclusions drawn about the sample under study are reason out to the state ? Xbar, S, S2 are used as reckons of the population paramet ers ? , ? , ? 2 Reason for sample distribution Self-evident Time, cost, and other human resources considered sometimes likely to produce more reliable results Representativeness of samples Rarely will the sample be the exact replica of the population from which it is drawn If we choose the sample in a scientific way, we can be reasonably sure that the sample statistic (e. . ,Xbar, S, S2) is fairly close to the population parameter (i. e. ,? , ? , ? 2) NORMALITY OF DISTRIBUTIONS ? Attributes or characteristics of the population are generally normally distributed ? If we take a sufficiently large number of samples and choose them with care, we will have a try out distribution of the means that has normality ? This is the reason that the two important issues in sample distribution are the sample surface of it (n) and the take design ?If our taste design and sample size are right, the sample mean Xbar will be inside close range of the true population mean (? ) ? The more repre sentative of the population the sample is, the more generalizable are the findings of the research 2 major types of consume design 1. Probability taste naive ergodic sample knotty probability try ? Systematic sampling ? distinguish random sampling ? relative and disproportionate stratified random sampling ? plunk sampling ? Single-stage and multistage practice bundling sampling Area sampling ? duple sampling 2. Nonprobability sampling Convenience sampling Purposive sampling ? Judgment sampling ? Quota sampling chance SAMPLING Probability sampling when elements in the population have a known chance of being chosen as subjects in the sample Simple random sampling every(prenominal) element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject ? opera hat when the generalizability of the findings to the whole population is the main objective of the study Complex probability sampling Systematic sampling drawing every nth element in the populatio n starting with a randomly chosen element between 1 and n ? Best when the population frame is large, and a listing of the elements is handily available at one place Stratified random sampling a process stratification or segregation, followed by random selection of subjects from each category. The population is first divided into mutually unshared groups that are relevant, appropriate, and meaningful in the context of the study ?Best when differentiated information is needed regarding various strata indoors the population, which are known to differ in their parameters Proportionate and disproportionate stratified random sampling Proportionate the subjects drawn from each stratum, members delineate in the sample from each stratum will be proportionate to the list number of elements in the respective strata disproportionate the subjects drawn from each stratum, the number of subjects from each stratum will now be altered, trance keeping the sample size unchanged Cluster sampl ing when several groups with intragroup heterogeneity and intergroup homogeneity are found, then a random sampling of the clusters or groups can ideally be done and information gathered from each of the members in the randomly chosen clusters ? Best when heterogeneous group is to be studied at one time Single-stage and multistage cluster sampling the division of of the population into convenient clusters, randomly choosing the necessitate number of clusters as sample subjects, and investigating all the elements in each of the randomly chosen clusters Area sampling constitutes geographical clusters, when the research pertains to populations deep down identifiable geographical areas such as coutries, city blocks, or accompaniment boundaries within a locality ? Best when the goal of the research is confined to a particular locality or area Double sampling where initially a sample is used in a study to collect some preliminary information of interest, and later a subsample of this primary sample is used to examine the matter in more detail ? Best provided added information at minimal additional expenditureNONPROBABILITY SAMPLING Nonprobability sampling the elements in the population do not have any probabilities attached to their being chosen as sample subjects Convenience sampling collection of information from members of the population who are conveniently available to provide it ? Best to obtain some quick information to get a feel for the phenomenon or variables of interest Purposive sampling confined a specific types of people who can provide the desired information, either because they are the only ones who have it, or conform to some criteria set by the researcher Judgment sampling the choice of subjects who are most well placed or in the high hat position to provide the information required ? Best where the collection of specialised advised inputs on the topic area researched is vital, and the use of any other sampling design would not offer opport unities to obtain the specialized information Quota sampling a form of proportionate stratified sampling, in which a predetermined proportion of people are sampled from different groups, but on a convenience basis ?Best for the inclusion body of all groups in the system researched ISSUES IN DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE 1. Precision ? How close our estimate is to the true population characteristic ? The narrower this interval, the greater the precision ? A function of the range of variability in the sampling distribution of the sample mean ? If we want to reduce the standard error given a particular standard deviation in the sample, we need to increase the sample size 2. Confidence ? How certain we are that our estimates will really bear out true for the population ?Reflects the level of deduction with which we can state that our estimates of the population parameters will hold true ? A 95% confidence is the conventionally accepted level for most business research, most usually expre ssed by denoting the significance level as p? 0. 05 ? At least 95 times out of 100, our estimate will reflect the true population characteristic The sample size, n, is a function of 1. The variability in the population 2. Precision or accuracy needed 3. Confidence level desired 4. Type of sampling plan used 4 aspects while making decisions on the sample size . How much precision is really needed in estimating the population characteristics of interest what is the brim of allowable errors? 2. How much confidence is really needed how much chance can we take of making errors in estimating the population parameters? 3. To what extent is there variability in the population on the characteristics investigated? 4. What is the cost-benefit analysis of change magnitude the sample size? Roscoe (1975) rules of thumb for find out sample size 1. Sample sizes larger than 30 and less than 500 are appropriate for most research 2.Where samples are to be broken into subsamples (exmale/female, e tc), a minimum sample size of 30 for each category is necessary 3. In multivariate research (including multiple fixation analysis), the sample size should be several times (preferably 10 times or more) as large as the number of variables in the study 4. For simple observational research with tight experimental controls (matched pairs, etc), palmy research is possible with samples as refined as 10 to 20 in size Kalo menurut gue sih, tahapan yang paling genting dan paling kritis ya di pembuatan BAB 3 alias pembuatan/penentuan metodologi ini.Ibaratnya bikin racikan obat, BAB 3 ini kayak tahap ketika lo lagi menentukan takaran dosis setiap elemen ramuan (ya populasi, ya sample, ya lainnya). Kalo dosisnya kurang, pasien ga sembuh, merana harus menderita terus-menerus. Kalo dosisnya berlebihan, pasien over dosis, meledak nanti Dua-duanya sama-sama gawat. Kalo lo udah bikin BAB 3 lo dengan benar, selanjutnya gampang kok, tinggal ngambil data or sebar kuesioner, analisa. Tingal jalan. g a perlu berlari-lari jatuh bangun kedebak-kedebuk. Well, udah bisa berpikir lebih santai lah.. Tapi ingetBAB 3 juga berasal dari BAB 2 Model penelitian lo kan berasal dari landasan teori di BAB 2. salah teori, bisa-bisa salah model. salaah model, berakibat salah operasionalisasi variabel. Salah operasionalisasi variabel, salah kuesioner. Salah kuesioner, salah data. Salah data, tebak sendiri. Tapi, BAB 2 juga berasal dari BAB 1 lho. Lo kan harus tau permasalahan lo dengan jelas tuh. Apa yang jadi latar belakang permasalahannya, apa hasil akhir yang lo mau. Semua itu yang menentukan teori-teori apa aja yang lo butuhin untuk dicantumin Hahahaha.Intinya sih, semua harus dikerjakan secara berurutan yah BAB 1-2-3. Inget prinsip rukun yang gue jabarin di atas. Pokoknya selamat mengerjakan BAB1,2,3 bolak-balik deh. 1,2,3 3,2,1 2,1,3 begitu aja terus Yang penting sabar semua harus dikerjakan dengan ketenangan akal dan pikiran. Nikmatin aja prosesnya((( goodluck yo CHAPTER XII 4 steps i n data analyis 1. Getting data ready for analyis 2. Getting a feel for the data 3. test the goodness of data 4. Testing the hypotheses GETTING DATA READY FOR ANALYSIS Editing data ? Data have to be edited Information that may have been noted down by the interviewer, observer, or researcher in a hurry must be clearly deciphered so that it may be coded systematically in its entirety ? inward mailed questionnaire data have to be checked for incompleteness and inconsistencies Handling dope responses ? Not all respondents answer every item in the questionnaire ? Blank because the respondent did not understand the question, did not know the answer, was not willing to answer, or was simply indifferent to the need to respond to the entire questionnaire ?Way to handle a snowy response Assign the midpoint in the scale as the response to that particular item Allow the computer to edit out the blank responses when the analysis are done Assign to the item the mean value of the responses of all those who have responded to that particular item Give the item the mean of the responses of this particular respondent to all other questions measuring this variable Give the missing response a random number within the range for that scale Coding ? compute the responses Coding sheet first to get down the data from the questionnaire and then key in the data Categorization ? Set up scheme for categorizing the variables such that the several items measuring a concept are all grouped together ? Responses to some of the negatively worded questions have also to be transposed so that all answers are in the same direction Entering data ? Questionnaire data are collected on scanner answer sheets or tha raw data manually keyed into the computer DATA ANALYSIS 3 objectives in data analysis 1.Getting a feel for the data 2. Testing the goodness of data 3. Testing the hypotheses developed for the research palpate for the data Examination of the measure of central tendency, and how cl ustered or dispersed the variables are, gives a good idea of how well the questions were shut in for tapping the concept The statistics give feel for the data ? The frequency distributions for the demographic variables ? The mean, standard deviation, range, and variance on the other dependent and independent variables ?An intercorrelation matrix of the variables, irrespective of whether or not the hypotheses are directly related to these analysis Testing goodness of data Reliability ? Testing consistency and stability ? consent indicates how well the items measuring a concept hang together as a set ? Cronbachs alpha is a reliability coefficient that indicates how well the items in a set are positively correlated to one another ? The closer Cronbachs alpha is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability Validity Factorial validity can be established by submitting the data for factor analysis ? The results of factor analysis (a multivariate technique) will confirm whethe r or not the theorized dimensions emerge Hypotheses testing Test the hypotheses already developed for the study Analisis. Selamat merangkai kata. Selamat merangkai logika Ayo fitut. Yang rajin dong ah Jangan menunda-nunda PEKERJAAN TEKNIS SPECIMENT FORMAT FOR REFERENCING APA FORMAT appropriate by single author Leshin, C. B. (1997). Management on the World Wide Web.Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Book by more than one author Cornett, M. , Wiley, B. J. , & Sankar, S. (1998) The pleasures of nurturing. London McMunster Publishing. Book review Nichols, P. (1998). A new look at main office service Review of the book Providing Home Services to the Elderly by Girch, S. Family Review Bulletin, 45, 12-13. daybook Article Jeanquart, S. , & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity in the workforce and management models. Journal of Social Work Studies, 43 (3), 72-85.